Formation and subsequent inclusion of fullerene-like nanoparticles in nanocomposite carbon thin films

Alexandrou, I.; Kiely, Christopher J.; Papworth, A. J.; Amaratunga, G.A.J.

doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.02.017

Cited by 29 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 16 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…4c is very similar to those observed by the groups of Amaratunga [5,15] and Hultman [4,16]. The films produced by means of anodic jet carbon arc driven by a N 2 gas jet [15] were found to contain aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes and fullerene-like nanoparticles embedded in an amorphous carbon matrix [15]. Hultman et al deposited fullerene like CN x films by means of dual dc unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering using a pure pyrolytic graphite target in a mixed Ar/N 2 discharge.…”

Section: Nanostructuresupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The shape of these spectra resembles that of the a-C [15,26,18]. Comparing the spectrum of ns-C with those of N 2 gas synthesized CN x , NH 3 gas synthesized CN x and 300 eV N + assisted ns-C, we can notice that the nitrogen addition seems to lead to an increase in the intensity of the p* peak.…”

Section: Electronic Structurementioning

confidence: 86%

“…XPS N 1s core-level spectra: (a) 100 eV N + assisted ns-C, (b) NH 3 gas synthesized ns-C, (c) 300 eV N + assisted ns-C, (d) N 2 gas synthesized ns-C, (e) ns-C. After background removal and normalization the spectra have been fitted by means of three Gaussian-shape peaks at 398.8 eV, 400.2 eV and 402 eV. methods [15] or unbalanced reactive magnetron sputtering [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The p* and r* peaks correspond to the electron transitions from the C 1s core level to antibonding p* and r* states, respectively. The intensity of the p*-and r*-peaks mirrors the relative amount of p-and r-bonding [15] and the shape of the r*-peaks can give further details about the curvature of the nanostructures present in the films [23].…”

Section: Electronic Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Nanostructured CNx (0<x<0.2) films grown by supersonic cluster beam deposition

Bongiorno

Blomqvist

Piseri

et al. 2005

Carbon

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Nanostructured CN x thin films were prepared by supersonic cluster beam deposition (SCBD) and systematically characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The incorporation of nitrogen in the films (0 < x < 0.2) and the nanostructure were controlled by using different synthesis routes. Films containing bundles of well-ordered graphene multilayers, onions and nanotubes embedded in an amorphous matrix were grown alongside purely amorphous films by changing the deposition parameters. Graphitic nanostructures were synthesized without using metallic catalysts. The structural and electronic properties of the films have been studied by EELS. The role played by N in the carbon nanostructures has been deduced from XPS line-shape analysis.

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Section: Nanostructuresupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Electronic Structurementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Electronic Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Nanostructured CNx (0<x<0.2) films grown by supersonic cluster beam deposition

Bongiorno

Blomqvist

Piseri

et al. 2005

Carbon

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“…These growth conditions are necessary to increase the mobility and reactivity at the surface but also to enable selective etching of less-favorable bonding environments without detrimental ion-induced damage for the evolution of the microstructure. In Anodic Jet Carbon Arc method, nanoparticles which are first formed on the cathode surface and are delivered with the rest of the carbon vapor to the substrate, and formed fullerene-like structure [10][11][12]. A theoretical study by Gamaly and Ebbesn [13] suggested that the carbon fullerene-like structure can only be formed in the vicinity of the target surface because only in this region is the carbon vapor dense enough for the structure formation through the interaction of carbon atoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Formation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films containing fullerene-like structures

Wang

Zhang

et al. 2009

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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The effect of thermal annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtered hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Zhang

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2011

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were deposited by magnetron sputtering of a carbon target in a methane/argon atmosphere. A postdeposition annealing at 300• C was performed and the microstructure, bonding structure and mechanical properties of the as-deposited and annealed films were analyzed and compared directly by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and nanoindentation. The results showed that the carbon films are quite stable upon annealing, since there are only minor changes in microstructure and chemical bonding in the amorphous matrix. The hardness of the films remained unaffected, but the elastic properties were somewhat deteriorated. In comparison to the outcomes of our previous work on the growth of fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon films, we can state that the formation of fullerene-like carbon structures requires different sputtering process conditions, such as a higher ion energy and/or different sputtering target. Copyright c 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Keywords: mechanical; carbon films; magnetron sputtering IntroductionDiamond-like amorphous (hydrogenated) carbon films, which are composed of one or more of three bonding configurations -sp 3 (diamond), sp 2 (graphite), or sp -have been extensively investigated due to their excellent properties, [1 -3] like high hardness, low coefficient of friction, chemical inertness and infrared transparency. It is generally agreed that the hardness of amorphous (hydrogenated) carbon films (a-C(:H)) depends on the content of sp 3 -hybridized C-C bonding. [4,5] However, there are some studies giving evidence that the hardness of the a-C(:H) films seems not dominated by the content of sp 3 bonds. [6 -8] Fullerene-like carbon nitride (FL-CNx) films with hardness up to 45 GPa were obtained in the effort to prepare crystalline carbon nitride (beta-C 3 N 4 ). [9] Recently, Zhang et al. fabricated a new kind of hard, highly elastic hydrogenated carbon films with extremely low friction by d.c.-pulse plasma chemical vapor deposition (PDC-PECVD) [10 -12] and middle frequency magnetron sputtering (MF-MS) of Ti target, [13] respectively. The exceptional properties can be assigned to the presence of a fullerene-like structure embedded in the amorphous diamond-like carbon matrix. Buijnsters et al. also synthesized fullerene-like structured films by electron cyclotron resonance CVD. [14] Very interestingly, the amorphous carbon films with fullerene-like structure are in conflict with the general understanding that the hardness of a-C(:H) films depends on the sp 3 bonds. Therefore, the sp 3 bonds content is not the only factor that determines the hardness of amorphous carbon films, as a fullerene-or onion-like microstructure might also contribute to the hardness.A deep understanding of the growth mechanism of this unique fullerene-like structure might help us to probe the hardness dependence of amorphous carbon films on the microstructure. A system that was employed for the deposition of fullerene-like structured films by react...

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Formation and subsequent inclusion of fullerene-like nanoparticles in nanocomposite carbon thin films

Cited by 29 publications

References 16 publications

Nanostructured CNx (0<x<0.2) films grown by supersonic cluster beam deposition

Nanostructured CNx (0<x<0.2) films grown by supersonic cluster beam deposition

Formation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films containing fullerene-like structures

The effect of thermal annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtered hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

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