Formation of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films containing fullerene-like structures

Wang, Peng; Wang, Xia; Zhang, Bin; Liu, Weimin

doi:10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2009.06.014

Cited by 10 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(42 reference statements)

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“…The same bands are also present in the Raman spectra acquired from carbon onions and C 60 that have been attributed to the transverse optic and transverse acoustic vibrations at the M point [38]. Thus, an acceptable fitting could only be reached via four Gaussian peaks at about 1230, 1350, 1470, and 1560 cm [9,27,28,34]. Thus, we can consider that all peaks at around 400, 700, 1230 and 1480 cm −1 are all active from that of fullerene-like structure with curled graphene planes.…”

Section: Structural Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…It is easily understood if one employs pentatomic-heptatomic theory of Raman [27,28]. At 300°C, films show the maximum of odd rings which indicates that the most value of curved graphene exiting inside the carbon amorphous matrix.…”

Section: Mechanical and Tribology Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…But for reactive magnetron sputtering, distinction from PECVD are that the additional magnetic field and no H 2 anymore [21,27]. The most important thing when using reactive magnetron sputtering is that a deep poisoning mode is employed [27,28]. So, as we see, deep poisoning reactive magnetron sputtering can also be mentioned as magnetic field assistant PECVD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…), which are more prominent problems for designing and realizing macroscale superlubricity [19][20][21][22][23][24]. But, luckily, Zhang et al fabricated fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon (FL-C:H) films and achieved superlubricity under engineering conditions [5,18,[24][25][26][27][28]. The curvature structure of fullerene-like structure extends the strength of graphite plane hexagon into three dimension space network, in turn, increasing the hardness and elasticity of carbon films, demonstrating super low friction in air, meaning solid superlubricity with engineering application value [18,26].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Super-Lubricious, Fullerene-like, Hydrogenated Carbon Films

Zhang¹,

Gao²,

Yu³

et al. 2018

Fullerenes and Relative Materials - Properties and Applications

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Almost one-third of minimal energy is consumed via friction and wear process. Thus, to save energy using advanced lubrication materials is one of the main routes that tribologists are focused on. Recently, superlubricity is the most prominent way to face energy problems. Designing promising mechanical systems with ultra-low friction performance and establishing superlubricity regime is imperative not only to the most greatly save energy but also to reduce hazardous waste emissions into our environment. At the macroscale, hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film with a supersmooth and fully hydrogen terminated surface is the most promising materials to realize superlubricity. However, the exact superlubricity of DLC film can only be observed under high vacuum or specific conditions and is not realized under ambient conditions for engineering applications. The latest breakthrough in macroscale superlubricity is made by introducing fullerene-like nano-structure and designing graphene nanoscroll formation, which also demonstrates the structure-superlubricity (coefficient of friction ~0.002) relationship.Thus, it is very interesting to design macroscale superlubricity by prompting the in situ formation of these structures at the friction interfaces. In this chapter, we will focus on fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon (FL-C:H) films and cover the growth methods, nanostructures, mechanic, friction properties and superlubricity mechanism.

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Section: Structural Characterizationsmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Mechanical and Tribology Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Super-Lubricious, Fullerene-like, Hydrogenated Carbon Films

Zhang¹,

Gao²,

Yu³

et al. 2018

Fullerenes and Relative Materials - Properties and Applications

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“…XPS spectra indicate that the films deposited at the duty ratio of 80% after annealing have the lowest binding energy and Raman spectra show that the films deposited at the duty ratio of 80% after annealing have the highest I D /I G values. Considering the previous work [13,30,31] and the XPS and Raman results, it is believed that more energy might be needed to form fullerene-like structures during the growth process in isolation from other factors, like temperature. Additionally, more work is needed to confirm the present speculations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effect of thermal annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of magnetron sputtered hydrogenated amorphous carbon films

Zhang

Zhou

Zhang

et al. 2011

Surface & Interface Analysis

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Hydrogenated amorphous carbon films were deposited by magnetron sputtering of a carbon target in a methane/argon atmosphere. A postdeposition annealing at 300• C was performed and the microstructure, bonding structure and mechanical properties of the as-deposited and annealed films were analyzed and compared directly by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, XPS, and nanoindentation. The results showed that the carbon films are quite stable upon annealing, since there are only minor changes in microstructure and chemical bonding in the amorphous matrix. The hardness of the films remained unaffected, but the elastic properties were somewhat deteriorated. In comparison to the outcomes of our previous work on the growth of fullerene-like hydrogenated carbon films, we can state that the formation of fullerene-like carbon structures requires different sputtering process conditions, such as a higher ion energy and/or different sputtering target. Copyright c 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Keywords: mechanical; carbon films; magnetron sputtering IntroductionDiamond-like amorphous (hydrogenated) carbon films, which are composed of one or more of three bonding configurations -sp 3 (diamond), sp 2 (graphite), or sp -have been extensively investigated due to their excellent properties, [1 -3] like high hardness, low coefficient of friction, chemical inertness and infrared transparency. It is generally agreed that the hardness of amorphous (hydrogenated) carbon films (a-C(:H)) depends on the content of sp 3 -hybridized C-C bonding. [4,5] However, there are some studies giving evidence that the hardness of the a-C(:H) films seems not dominated by the content of sp 3 bonds. [6 -8] Fullerene-like carbon nitride (FL-CNx) films with hardness up to 45 GPa were obtained in the effort to prepare crystalline carbon nitride (beta-C 3 N 4 ). [9] Recently, Zhang et al. fabricated a new kind of hard, highly elastic hydrogenated carbon films with extremely low friction by d.c.-pulse plasma chemical vapor deposition (PDC-PECVD) [10 -12] and middle frequency magnetron sputtering (MF-MS) of Ti target, [13] respectively. The exceptional properties can be assigned to the presence of a fullerene-like structure embedded in the amorphous diamond-like carbon matrix. Buijnsters et al. also synthesized fullerene-like structured films by electron cyclotron resonance CVD. [14] Very interestingly, the amorphous carbon films with fullerene-like structure are in conflict with the general understanding that the hardness of a-C(:H) films depends on the sp 3 bonds. Therefore, the sp 3 bonds content is not the only factor that determines the hardness of amorphous carbon films, as a fullerene-or onion-like microstructure might also contribute to the hardness.A deep understanding of the growth mechanism of this unique fullerene-like structure might help us to probe the hardness dependence of amorphous carbon films on the microstructure. A system that was employed for the deposition of fullerene-like structured films by react...

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