Formal clusters supporting small firms' internationalization: a case of public–private interaction

Abstract

Purpose This study aims to explore the role played by a formal cluster initiative in supporting small firms' internationalization processes. Taking a public–private interaction perspective, this study aims to understand interaction mechanisms within an internationalization project implemented by a formal cluster initiative. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a qualitative approach based on a case study of a Swedish formal cluster initiative involved in an internationalization project. The case is analyzed through the industrial marketing and purchasing approach, relying on the Actors–Resources–Activities (ARA) framework. Findings The analysis highlights the role of formal clusters as supporters and “accelerators” of internationalization processes. Based on the ARA framework, the roles of the public and private actors emerge: the cluster plays the role of orchestrator, supporter and financer, while on the businesses' side, participants assumed the role of customers, displaying various degrees of interest and commitment and giving rise to a leader–follower pattern. Activities occurred at multiple levels, interorganizational, intraproject, interprojects, through different timings and typologies. The main resources at stake were the combination of knowledge, complementary capabilities and financial incentives. Originality/value This empirical study provides novel empirical evidence and theoretical development over the phenomenon of formal clusters. This study contributes to the current debate on public–private interaction mechanisms and to the upgrading and circulation of international business knowledge.

Innovation and international business: A systematic literature review

“…Nevertheless, the global value chain is strongly related with the analysis of clusters in the globalization era [ [72] , [73] , [74] , [75] ] because the need to integrate the global industry and local cluster levels is a basic one [ 64 ]. As Carloni [ 76 ] develops, clusters are supporters and accelerators of internationalization processes. Moreover, the existence of strong local innovation systems tends to be a prerequisite to guarantee sustained learning through global value chain participation [ 77 ].…”

Comparative Analysis of Social and University Incubators from The Perspective of Public-Private Partnership

“…This is because private incubators often concentrate on specific areas, while public ones sponsor a variety of activities that can promote development in peripheral areas (Frenkel et al, 2008) Regarding research on PPPs, stakeholder analysis is often considered (Wang & Ma, 2021). Most incubators are project-based and involve participants beyond private enterprises, such as institutions, public organizations, and universities (Carloni, 2022). The relationships between businesses and strategic partners are not static; their evolution depends on environmental conditions and the involvement of organizational participants (Zhang et al, 2020).…”