Forage Intake and Efficiency of Feed Utilization in Dairy Cattle

Stone, J. B.; Trimberger, G. W.; Henderson, Carol E.; Reid, J. T.; Turk, K.L.; Loosli, J. K.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(60)90314-3

Cited by 46 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Of all the equations cornputed in this study, Equation [1], computed from lactation totals, best fitted the data, but even so it left nearly one-half of the total variation in forage DM intake unaccounted for. This was only slightly better than the results of Stone et al (23), whose study included a multiple regression equation incorporating the same variables as Equation [3]. R ~ for the equation of Stone et al was 25%, compared with nearly 40% for Equation [3] and 54% for Equation [1] in the present study.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

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Voluntary Intake of Forage by Holstein Cows as Influenced by Lactation, Gestation, Body Weight, and Frequency of Feeding

Johnson

Trimberger

Wright

et al. 1966

Journal of Dairy Science

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

“…For example, stage of maturity of herbage out for hay or silage and the subsequent voluntary intake of the preserved forage are closely correlated (23). Digestibility and rate of passage in the gut have been related to intake in a number of experiments, (6,7,9,12,13).…”

Section: Management Effects One Of the Important External Factors Afmentioning

confidence: 99%

Voluntary Intake of Forage by Holstein Cows as Influenced by Lactation, Gestation, Body Weight, and Frequency of Feeding

Johnson

Trimberger

Wright

et al. 1966

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…This research has improved greatly our understanding of rumen microbial fermentation and dairy cattle N utilization, but has only resulted in a minor improvement in ENU at the animal level. For example, Stone et al (1960) reported an average ENU in US dairy cattle at 23.7%, and 48 years later, the average ENU in US dairy cattle was 24.0% (Hristov and Huhtanen, 2008). Surprisingly, the recommended N fractions incorporated in feeding systems (RDP and RUP, intestinal digestion, etc.)…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for optimizing nitrogen use by ruminants

Calsamiglia

Ferret

Reynolds

et al. 2010

Animal

249

165

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The efficiency of N utilization in ruminants is typically low (around 25%) and highly variable (10% to 40%) compared with the higher efficiency of other production animals. The low efficiency has implications for the production performance and environment. Many efforts have been devoted to improving the efficiency of N utilization in ruminants, and while major improvements in our understanding of N requirements and metabolism have been achieved, the overall efficiency remains low. In general, maximal efficiency of N utilization will only occur at the expense of some losses in production performance. However, optimal production and N utilization may be achieved through the understanding of the key mechanisms involved in the control of N metabolism. Key factors in the rumen include the efficiency of N capture in the rumen (grams of bacterial N per grams of rumen available N) and the modification of protein degradation. Traditionally, protein degradation has been modulated by modifying the feed (physical and chemical treatments). Modifying the rumen microflora involved in peptide degradation and amino acid deamination offers an alternative approach that needs to be addressed. Current evidence indicates that in typical feeding conditions there is limited net recycling of N into the rumen (blood urea-N uptake minus ammonia-N absorption), but understanding the factors controlling urea transport across the rumen wall may reverse the balance to take advantage of the recycling capabilities of ruminants. Finally, there is considerable metabolism of amino acids (AA) in the portal-drained viscera (PDV) and liver. However, most of this process occurs through the uptake of AA from the arterial blood and not during the 'absorptive' process. Therefore, AA are available to the peripheral circulation and to the mammary gland before being used by PDV and the liver. In these conditions, the mammary gland plays a key role in determining the efficiency of N utilization because the PDV and liver will use AA in excess of those required by the mammary gland. Protein synthesis in the mammary gland appears to be tightly regulated by local and systemic signals. The understanding of factors regulating AA supply and absorption in the mammary gland, and the synthesis of milk protein should allow the formulation of diets that increase total AA uptake by the mammary gland and thus reduce AA utilization by PDV and the liver. A better understanding of these key processes should allow the development of strategies to improve the efficiency of N utilization in ruminants. Keywords: ruminant, nitrogen efficiency ImplicationsRuminants have a low efficiency of N utilization compared with non-ruminants. This low efficiency has implications not only for production performance and economic efficiency but also for the emission of contaminants to the environment. The efficiency of N utilization can be improved through the understanding and modification of factors regulating the efficiency of N utilization in key processes, including N capture in the rumen, ...

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“…Les fortes corr6lations relev6es entre le rendement laitier et la consommation (0,63, 0,81) s'expliquent en partie au fait que les concentr6s sont distribu6s au prorata de la production de lait, ce qui rend I'analyse difficile. Corrig6e en fonction des covariables, la production des Holstein canadiennes (CH) et amdricaines (USH) 6tait la plus forte, suivie de la Rouge norv6gienne (NR), puis de Berglund and Dannell 1987;Gibson 1987 Stone et al 1960;Dickinson et al 1969;Hooven et al 1969). The correlations between efficiency and energy intake from forage or grain is much lower and may be near zero (Stone et al 1960;Hooven et al 1968).…”

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“…Corrig6e en fonction des covariables, la production des Holstein canadiennes (CH) et amdricaines (USH) 6tait la plus forte, suivie de la Rouge norv6gienne (NR), puis de Berglund and Dannell 1987;Gibson 1987 Stone et al 1960;Dickinson et al 1969;Hooven et al 1969). The correlations between efficiency and energy intake from forage or grain is much lower and may be near zero (Stone et al 1960;Hooven et al 1968). Correlations ofbody weight and body weight changes with yield in early lactation are high (Hooven et al 1968;Lin et al 1985) but those between efficiency and weight are low, similar to our results with heifers (Lee et al 1988).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%