Flower development in sweet cherry framed in the BBCH scale

Fadón, Erica; Herrero, M.; Rodrigo, Javier

doi:10.1016/j.scienta.2015.05.027

Cited by 118 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…As reported for other deciduous species [32][33][34][35][36]45,46], the one-year life cycle of S. mukorossi spanned eight major stages: bud development, leaf development, shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, maturity of fruit and seed, and senescence and beginning of dormancy. In addition, we described a total of 58 secondary developmental stages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

“…Vegetative growth spanned three principal stages at our location in southern China: bud (00-09), leaf (10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19) and shoot (31)(32)(33)(34)(35)(36)(37)(38)(39) development. The growth cycle of S. mukorossi differed from those of longan and lychee trees in southern China; these latter species have a period of dormancy in winter after completing the growth of shoot and then start the reproductive period in the spring of next year.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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Sapindus mukorossi is a native tree in southern China that has multiple useful functions, including high landscaping, ecological, esthetic, and economic values. More importantly, its fruits are being rapidly developed as raw materials for bioenergy and saponin production in southern China. To provide a standardized phenological description of the species, this study firstly used the BBCH (Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und CHemische Industrie) scale. In total, eight principal stages-i.e., bud, leaf and shoot development, inflorescence emergence, flowering, fruit development, fruit maturity, senescence and beginning of dormancy-and 58 secondary stages were described. It ranges from vegetative bud dormancy to the onset of the next beginning of the dormancy, using a two-digit numerical coding system. In addition to the descriptions, we provide photographic images of some major developmental stages to standardize morphological characteristics and the phenological observation of S. mukorossi. This study will be an asset for biological researches and cultivation management in Sapindus, and will provide valuable information for other fruit trees. mass of the kernel. Approximately 98% of the oil is stable medium-chain monounsaturated fatty acid, of which oleic and linoleic acids are the major components (>62.5%) [5][6][7][8]. The pericarp is rich in triterpenoid saponins and sesquiterpenoids that are widely used in skin care products, and have been developed as a natural source of surfactants [9][10][11][12]. Recent research shows that these saponins have the functional activities of hepatoprotective effects, anticancer proliferation, and killing sperm; they are also used for herbicidal and antioxidant [13][14][15][16]. These excellent properties make S. mukorossi an attractive candidate for further forest development. The species has been included in a Chinese national forestry biomass energy development project that will apply from 2011 to 2020. Several Chinese provinces (e.g., Fujian, Guizhou, Guangdong, Zhejiang Provinces, China) have planted forests on a large scale as raw material sources, and to facilitate many related enterprises. Programs for genetic analysis and selective improvement of species varieties are currently underway, along with developments in planting techniques, studies of biological characteristics, processing and utilization, and the establishment of a sustainable industrial chain [17][18][19][20].S. mukorossi trees can grow to about 30 m in height. They bloom at 4-5 years after seedlings have been planted. The inflorescence is a large terminal panicle growing in a sequence of 1, 2, 3 side axes on the primary axis. The floret is bisexual; each inflorescence contains small functional male and female flowers, which are light yellow to white-and each has five calyxes, five petals, eight stamens, and an ovary comprising 3-5 carpels. Functional male flowers usually bloom before females, although this sequence is sometimes reversed. The main pollinators are species of bees, flies, and butte...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 58%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Zhao

Gao

et al. 2019

Forests

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“…Cultivars ‘Cristobalina’ and ‘Regina’ were grown in Bourran, ‘Fertard’ in Toulenne and ‘Burlat’ in both sites. Dates for beginning of flowering (5-10% open flowers, BBCH 61; Fadón et al , 2015) and maturity (BBCH 89) were recorded for the four cultivars between 2000 and 2017.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Branches were discarded when buds were dry and/or necrotic, or when the proportion of open buds reached a plateau. Every two or three days the total number of floral buds that reached BBCH stage 55 (Fadón et al , 2015) was recorded. Bud break percentage was recorded as the percentage of flower buds at stage 55 in relation to the total number of floral buds on the branches.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Productivity definition of the chilling requirement reveals underestimation of the impact of climate change on winter chill accumulation

Campoy

Darbyshire

Dirlewanger

et al. 2018

Preprint

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13Evaluation of chilling requirements (CR) of cultivars of temperate fruit trees provides key 14 information to assess regional suitability, according to winter chill, for both industry expansion 15 and ongoing profitability as climate change continues. Traditional methods for calculating CR 16 use climate controlled chambers and define CR using a fixed budburst percentage, usually close 17 to 50% (CR-50%), without considering the productivity level associated to this percentage. This 18 CR-50% definition may underestimate the real CR of tree crops for optimal productivity. This 19 underestimation is particularly important to consider as winter chill accumulation is declining 20 in many regions due to climate change. In this work we used sweet cherry to analyse the 21 traditional method for calculating CR in many Rosaceae species (CR-50%) and compared the 22 results with more a restrictive, productivity focused method, with CR defined with a 90% bud 23 2 break level (90%, CRm-90%) close to the optimal budburst which assures productivity. Climate 24 projections of winter chill suitability across Europe using CR-50% and CRm-90% were 25 calculated. Regional suitability landscape was highly dependent on the method used to define 26 CR and differences were found for a wide area of the European geography, both cold and mild 27 winter areas. Our results suggest a need to use an optimal budburst level for the assessment of 28 CR for sweet cherry. The use of traditional methods to determine CR can result in an 29 underestimation of productivity CR with negative consequences for the fruit industry, 30 particularly as climate change advances. 31

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“…They correspond to a percentage of open flowers or fallen petals. Since the development of the BBCH scale ( Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt und Chemische Industrie ), this standard has been applied as a coding system for the characterization of the entire developmental cycle of annual and perennials plants 40,41 . Here, where possible, we associated the recorded stages, as defined in each experimental location for observations, with the corresponding BBCH stage (Table 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A collection of European sweet cherry phenology data for assessing climate change

et al. 2016

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Professional and scientific networks built around the production of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) led to the collection of phenology data for a wide range of cultivars grown in experimental sites characterized by highly contrasted climatic conditions. We present a dataset of flowering and maturity dates, recorded each year for one tree when available, or the average of several trees for each cultivar, over a period of 37 years (1978–2015). Such a dataset is extremely valuable for characterizing the phenological response to climate change, and the plasticity of the different cultivars’ behaviour under different environmental conditions. In addition, this dataset will support the development of predictive models for sweet cherry phenology exploitable at the continental scale, and will help anticipate breeding strategies in order to maintain and improve sweet cherry production in Europe.

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Flower development in sweet cherry framed in the BBCH scale

Cited by 118 publications

References 32 publications

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

The Phenological Growth Stages of Sapindus mukorossi According to BBCH Scale

Productivity definition of the chilling requirement reveals underestimation of the impact of climate change on winter chill accumulation

A collection of European sweet cherry phenology data for assessing climate change

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