Floral Nectar Production and Nectary Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae)

Wist, Tyler; Davis, Arthur R.

doi:10.1093/aob/mcj027

Cited by 99 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 54 publications

(85 reference statements)

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“…They contain an epidermis in addition to a nectar and a subnectary parenchyma (Stpiczy nska et al, 2005;Wist and Davis, 2006;Kaczorowski et al, 2008;Wenzler et al, 2008;Fig. 2A).…”

Section: Two Types Of Nectary Structures Harbor Unique Secretion Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Escalante-Pérez

Jaborsky

Lautner³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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Many plant species grow extrafloral nectaries and produce nectar to attract carnivore arthropods as defenders against herbivores. Two nectary types that evolved with Populus trichocarpa (Ptr) and Populus tremula 3 Populus tremuloides (Ptt) were studied from their ecology down to the genes and molecules. Both nectary types strongly differ in morphology, nectar composition and mode of secretion, and defense strategy. In Ptt, nectaries represent constitutive organs with continuous merocrine nectar flow, nectary appearance, nectar production, and flow. In contrast, Ptr nectaries were found to be holocrine and inducible. Neither mechanical wounding nor the application of jasmonic acid, but infestation by sucking insects, induced Ptr nectar secretion. Thus, nectaries of Ptr and Ptt seem to answer the same threat by the use of different mechanisms.

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“…They contain an epidermis in addition to a nectar and a subnectary parenchyma (Stpiczy nska et al, 2005;Wist and Davis, 2006;Kaczorowski et al, 2008;Wenzler et al, 2008;Fig. 2A).…”

Section: Two Types Of Nectary Structures Harbor Unique Secretion Systemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Escalante-Pérez

Jaborsky

Lautner³

et al. 2012

Plant Physiology

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“…Reclamation of nectar components in Fritillary is facilitated by the presence of micro-channels or pores in the cuticle that covers the secretory epidermis, as in Echinacea purpurea L. (Moench) (Wist and Davis 2006), P. chlorantha (Stpiczyńska 2003a) and C. pepo (Nepi et al 2001). Also, in F. meleagris, the efficiency of nectar resorption is improved by the wall ingrowths present in the cells of the nectariferous epidermis and parenchyma, and these were still present at the final stages of anthesis, when nectar resorption occurs.…”

Section: Nectar Secretion and Resorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

2012

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The structure of perigonal nectaries, nectar production and carbohydrate composition were compared at various stages in the lifespan of the flower of Fritillaria meleagris L. The six nectaries each occupied a groove that is located 2-4 mm above the tepal base. The average nectary measured 11.0 mm long and 1.0-1.2 mm wide. The structure of nectaries situated on both inner and outer tepal whorls was identical, and at anthesis they were equally accessible to potential pollinators. However, secretion from nectaries associated with inner tepals tended to exceed that produced by nectaries located on the outer tepals. On average, regardless of flower stage, one flower secreted 10.87 ± 12.98 mg of nectar (mean and SD; N = 182). The nectar concentration ranged between 3 and 75%, with average concentration of sugars exceeding 50%. Both nectar production and concentration were dependent on the stage of anthesis, with the highest scores being recorded during full anthesis (21.75 ± 16.08 mg; 70.5%, mass and concentration, respectively) and the lowest at the end of anthesis (1.32 ± 2.69 mg; 16.9%, mass and concentration, respectively). A decline in both mass of nectar secreted and nectar concentration during the final stage of anthesis indicates nectar resorption. Nectar was composed of sucrose, glucose and fructose in approx. equal quantities, and its composition did not change significantly during subsequent stages of flowering. The nectaries comprised a single-layered secretory epidermis and several layers of subepidermal parenchyma. The nectariferous cells did not accumulate starch during any of the investigated stages. The nectary was supplied with one large and several smaller vascular bundles comprising xylem and phloem. Transport of assimilates and nectar secretion by protoplasts of secretory cells (and probably also nectar resorption) were facilitated by cell wall ingrowths present on the tangential walls of epidermal cells and subepidermal parenchyma. Epidermal cells lacked stomata. Nectar passed across the cell wall and through the cuticle which was clearly perforated with pores.

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“…Several authors have addressed floret phenological studies (Neff & Simpson 1990;Cerana 2004;Hong et al 2008;Huang et al 2012) or capitulum phenological studies (Brouillet & Simon 1979;Corral et al 2004;Bull-Hereñu & Arroyo 2009), but few researchers have addressed them together (Wild et al 2003;Wist & Davis 2006) as in the present study. The anthesis period is defined as the length of time in which individual florets remain open with fresh-looking perianth, pistil and stamens exposed (Primack 1985;Ashman & Schoen 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Several authors (Vogel 1998;Wist & Davis 2006;Bernardello 2007;Wist & Davis 2008) have reported nectar production for the Asteraceae. These authors describe secretions coming from the nectary disk present at the base of the style; no report exist to date of nectar secretion coming from other parts of the floret in the Asteraceae.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capitulum and floret phenology in Baccharis aliena (Asteraceae, Astereae)

2018

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Inflorescence and floral phenological studies are a source of valuable knowledge to interpret reproductive mechanisms and phylogenetic hypothesis in plants. We analyzed the morphology and functionality floret stages that are present in pistillate homogamous and functionally staminate heterogamous capitula of the dioecious species Baccharis aliena. Phenological monitoring of both types of capitula was carried out in cultivated plants of B. aliena. Floret phenological stages were defined in homogamous and heterogamous capitula by morphometric analyses, from pre-anthesis until senescence symptoms first appeared. Florets of homogamous and heterogamous capitula presented visual anthesis before functional anthesis was achieved and this feature was transferred to the phenology of capitulum. Anthesis of successive series occurs centripetally during a period of 21 days in the homogamous capitula and 20 days in the heterogamous capitula. The timing and length of heterogamous and homogamous capitula is tightly coordinated and almost identical, a feature that ensures floret interaction between plants and pollinator activities. Understanding of breeding systems in the Astereae subtribe Baccharidinae will most assuredly provide helpful insights towards a better understanding of the evolution of this highly successful group. Key words: Baccharidinae, dioecy, head inflorescence, heterogamous, homogamous, reproductive biology. ResumenLos estudios fenológicos florales y de inflorescencias son una importante fuente de conocimiento para interpretar los mecanismos reproductivos y las hipótesis filogenéticas en plantas. Se analiza la morfología y funcionalidad de los estadios florales presentes en los capítulos homógamos pistilados y en los capítulos heterógamos funcionalmente estaminados de la especie dioica Baccharis aliena. El seguimiento fenológico de ambos tipos de capítulos fue realizado en plantas cultivadas de B. aliena. Se determinaron los estadios fenológicos florales de los capítulos homógamos y heterógamos a partir de análisis morfométricos de las flores desde la pre-antesis hasta los primeros síntomas de senescencia. Las flores de los capítulos homógamos y heterógamos presentan antesis visual previa a la antesis funcional y esta característica se traslada al capítulo. La antesis ocurre de forma centrípeta en las sucesivas series de flores, y tiene una duración de 21 días en el capítulo homógamo y 20 días en el capítulo heterógamo. Los capítulos homógamos y heterógamos coinciden exactamente en tiempo y duración del período de floración, característica que asegura la interacción floral entre las plantas y la actividad de los polinizadores. El conocimiento de los sistemas reproductivos en las Astereae subtribu Baccharidinae contribuye a la interpretación de las estrategias evolutivas de este grupo altamente exitoso.

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Floral Nectar Production and Nectary Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Echinacea purpurea (Asteraceae)

Cited by 99 publications

References 54 publications

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Secretion and composition of nectar and the structure of perigonal nectaries in Fritillaria meleagris L. (Liliaceae)

Capitulum and floret phenology in Baccharis aliena (Asteraceae, Astereae)

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