Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Escalante-Pérez, María; Jaborsky, Mario; Lautner, Silke; Fromm, Jörg; Müller, Tobias; Dittrich, Marcus; Kunert, Maritta; Boland, Wilhelm; Hedrich, Rainer; Ache, Peter

doi:10.1104/pp.112.196014

Cited by 45 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 100 publications

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“…) or perhaps even with its re‐absorption (Escalante‐Pérez et al . ). The crucial involvement of invertase (catalyzing the hydrolysis of sucrose to yield glucose and fructose) in the secretion of both floral and EFN (Ruhlmann et al .…”

Section: Sanctions Reciprocal Rewarding or Partner Fidelity Feedbacmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant–Plant Research

Orona‐Tamayo

Heil

2013

Biotropica

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Mutualisms are commonly threatened by parasites and cheaters: species that exploit the host-derived resources without providing an adequate service. Here, we summarize mechanisms for the stabilization of obligate defensive ant-plant mutualisms, a typical element of tropical lowland forests. Host plants exert partner choice and can sanction non-defending ants by shedding the domatia that serve as nesting space or ceasing the production of ant rewards. Hosts can also restrict the exploitation of the ant rewards by means of specific biochemical traits that decrease their quality for non-adapted generalist exploiters and, thus, convert them into exclusive rewards. Reward provisioning can even shift the competitive balance between mutualists and exploiters in favor of the mutualists. In turn, plant-ants show adaptations in their colony structure and changes in their digestive capacities that enhance their efficiency in the use of the host-derived resources. Founding queens use plant odors for host choice behavior, and ants not supplied with adequate amounts of EFN decrease their defensive service and thereby exert partner sanctions. Theoretical models and empirical research into mutualisms usually focus on actions that are taken by the host. Using ant-plants as model systems, we are now discovering the importance of contributions that come from the symbiont. This discovery indicates the potential for multiple reciprocal interactions between phenotypically plastic hosts and symbionts, which contribute significantly to what is still considered a miracle: the stability of mutualisms in the presence of exploiters.

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Section: Sanctions Reciprocal Rewarding or Partner Fidelity Feedbacmentioning

confidence: 97%

Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant–Plant Research

Orona‐Tamayo

Heil

2013

Biotropica

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“…The defense-related proteins in digestive fluid likely still display antibacterial and antifungal effects, as in e.g. poplar extrafloral nectaries (22), in order to avoid pathogenic attacks during the digestion process.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Protein Composition of the Digestive Fluid from the Venus Flytrap Sheds Light on Prey Digestion Mechanisms

Schulze

Sanggaard

Kreuzer

et al. 2012

Molecular & Cellular Proteomics

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109

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The Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) is one of the most well-known carnivorous plants because of its unique ability to capture small animals, usually insects or spiders, through a unique snap-trapping mechanism. The animals are subsequently killed and digested so that the plants can assimilate nutrients, as they grow in mineral-deficient soils. We deep sequenced the cDNA from Dionaea traps to obtain transcript libraries, which were used in the mass spectrometry-based identification of the proteins secreted during digestion. The identified proteins consisted of peroxidases, nucleases, phosphatases, phospholipases, a glucanase, chitinases, and proteolytic enzymes, including four cysteine proteases, two aspartic proteases, and a serine carboxypeptidase. The majority of the most abundant proteins were categorized as pathogenesis-related proteins, suggesting that the plant's digestive system evolved from defense-related processes. This indepth characterization of a highly specialized secreted fluid from a carnivorous plant provides new information about the plant's prey digestion mechanism and the evolutionary processes driving its defense pathways and nutrient acquisition. Molecular & Cellular

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“…KC285589) and DmAMT1 transcripts (GenBank accession no. KC513764) was performed by real-time PCR as described elsewhere (Escalante-Perez et al, 2012). DmAMT1 transcripts were normalized to 10 000 molecules of actin (DmACT).…”

Section: Expression Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Integration of trap‐ and root‐derived nitrogen nutrition of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula

et al. 2014

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SummaryCarnivorous Dionaea muscipula operates active snap traps for nutrient acquisition from prey; so what is the role of D. muscipula's reduced root system?We studied the capacity for nitrogen (N) acquisition via traps, and its effect on plant allometry; the capacity of roots to absorb NO 3 À , NH 4 + and glutamine from the soil solution; and the fate and interaction of foliar-and root-acquired N. Feeding D. muscipula snap traps with insects had little effect on the root : shoot ratio, but promoted petiole relative to trap growth. Large amounts of NH 4 + and glutamine were absorbed upon root feeding. The high capacity for root N uptake was maintained upon feeding traps with glutamine. High root acquisition of NH 4 + was mediated by 2.5-fold higher expression of the NH 4 + transporter DmAMT1 in the roots compared with the traps. Electrophysiological studies confirmed a high constitutive capacity for NH 4 + uptake by roots. Glutamine feeding of traps inhibited the influx of 15 N from root-absorbed 15 N/ 13 C-glutamine into these traps, but not that of 13 C. Apparently, fed traps turned into carbon sinks that even acquired organic carbon from roots. N acquisition at the whole-plant level is fundamentally different in D. muscipula compared with noncarnivorous species, where foliar N influx down-regulates N uptake by roots.

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Poplar Extrafloral Nectaries: Two Types, Two Strategies of Indirect Defenses against Herbivores

Cited by 45 publications

References 100 publications

Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant–Plant Research

Stabilizing Mutualisms Threatened by Exploiters: New Insights from Ant–Plant Research

The Protein Composition of the Digestive Fluid from the Venus Flytrap Sheds Light on Prey Digestion Mechanisms

Integration of trap‐ and root‐derived nitrogen nutrition of carnivorous Dionaea muscipula

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