Flexible Integrated Network Planning Considering Echelon Utilization of Second Life of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries

Yang, Yi; Qiu, Jing; Zhang, Chenxi; Zhao, Junhua; Wang, Guibin

doi:10.1109/tte.2021.3068121

Cited by 37 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The work in [28]- [31] united mathematical models for application in power systems utilizing retired batteries. The models gain a higher daily profit.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-Level Optimizing Model for Microgrids With Fast Lithium Battery Energy Storage Considering Degradation Effect

Wang

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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The nonlinear degradation effect of the fast lithium battery energy storage system (FLBESS) and the time-scale variability of peak shaving and frequency regulation both make the optimal operation of the microgrid more challenging. Therefore, this paper presents a bi-level optimization model to balance the degradation cost of lithium battery and the benefit of peak shaving and frequency regulation and improve the utilization of FLBESS while dealing with the multiple time scales optimization problems. The upper-level model mainly optimizes the day-ahead hourly power to minimize the power purchase cost and wind and solar power curtailment cost while calculating the internal parameters of the FLBESS to supply the lower-level model for the solution. The lower model optimizes the intra-hour economic cost and coordinates the frequency regulation benefit and lithium battery degradation cost. Finally, case studies are conducted using a regional microgrid to verify that the model solution satisfies the requirements for optimal system operation. In contrast, the model has the advantages of lower economic cost, more significant life extension effect, and higher energy storage utilization rate. The results show that the annual costs were reduced by 14.9%, and the battery life was increased by 19.0% than without considering degradation.INDEX TERMS Fast lithium battery energy storage system, bi-level optimization, nonlinear degradation effect, frequency regulation, multiple time scales. NOMENCLATURE A. ACRONYMS

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“…The work in [28]- [31] united mathematical models for application in power systems utilizing retired batteries. The models gain a higher daily profit.…”

Section: A Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi-Level Optimizing Model for Microgrids With Fast Lithium Battery Energy Storage Considering Degradation Effect

Wang

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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“…However, this is not the case in stationary applications where almost every application has different requirements and, thus, even in the case of using the same cell/modules, the overall packaging and BMS should be adapted, with the corresponding cost increase. The prices of producing fresh new batteries, regardless of the chemistry considered, for stationary applications ranged from 294 €/kWh to 880 €/kWh in 2016 and are expected to cost, by 2030, between 122 and 480 €/kWh [40,41]. These three-time higher prices make them not yet competitive and EV battery reuse costs should be compared to those in this field and not with those in EVs.…”

Section: Cost Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle

Kotak

Fernández²,

Casals

et al. 2021

Energies

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It is a fact that electric vehicles (EVs) are beneficial for climate protection. However, the current challenge is to decide on whether to reuse an EV battery or to recycle it after its first use. This paper theoretically investigates these areas i.e., recycle and reuse. It was found that there are several commercially used recycling processes and also some are under research to regain maximum possible materials and quantity. The concept of reusing (second life) of the battery is promising because, at the end of the first life, batteries from EVs can be used in several applications such as storing energy generated from renewable sources to support the government grid. However, the cost and life-cycle analysis (LCA) demonstrated that there are several aspects involved in battery reuse applications. Henceforth, one LCA generalised method cannot provide an optimal approach for all cases. It is important to have a detailed study on each of the battery reusing applications. Until then, it is safe to say that reusing the battery is a good option as it would give some time to recycling companies to develop cost and energy-efficient methods.

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“…On one hand, replacing the battery pack at the conventional end-of-life limit of 80% residual capacity ensures that the electrified vehicle achieves similar performances in terms of fuel and energy economy and drivability capability. On the other hand, even though highvoltage batteries can be reused in a second-life application [14], replacing an HEV battery pack is a costly operation for the user and involves additional CO2 emissions to produce a new battery pack [15]. It becomes therefore crucial to develop numerical tools capable of properly assessing the impact of battery pack ageing on the energy economy performance and drivability of electrified vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Economic Payback Time of Battery Pack Replacement for Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Anselma

Kollmeyer

Feraco

et al. 2023

IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrific.

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This paper investigates the economic viability of replacing the high-voltage battery pack of a power-split hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) and a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) by estimating the impact of battery ageing on the fuel economy, drivability capability and electric range. The HEV is modelled first, an optimal energy management strategy based on dynamic programming is then implemented, and experimental characterization data for the battery cell is presented. The batteries are tested to a heavily aged state, with up to an 84% loss of capacity. The battery pack payback period is estimated by assessing the vehicle operative costs in terms of fuel and electricity as obtained through numerical simulations as a function of battery ageing.Replacing the battery pack at the conventional end-of-life limit of 80% residual capacity is suggested not to be convenient from an economic standpoint for both the HEV and the PHEV. On the other hand, acceptable payback periods (i.e. 2 to 5 years) can be achieved for the battery pack when being replaced at 20% to 40% residual capacity. The proposed methodology can be implemented to advise an HEV or PHEV user regarding the benefit of replacing the battery pack due to excessive ageing.

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Flexible Integrated Network Planning Considering Echelon Utilization of Second Life of Used Electric Vehicle Batteries

Cited by 37 publications

References 34 publications

Bi-Level Optimizing Model for Microgrids With Fast Lithium Battery Energy Storage Considering Degradation Effect

Bi-Level Optimizing Model for Microgrids With Fast Lithium Battery Energy Storage Considering Degradation Effect

End of Electric Vehicle Batteries: Reuse vs. Recycle

Economic Payback Time of Battery Pack Replacement for Hybrid and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

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