Flammability limits of hydrated and anhydrous ethanol at reduced pressures in aeronautical applications

Determination of lower flammability limits of C–H–O compounds in air and study of initial temperature dependence

“…The experimental data for the lower flammability limits of C-H and C-H-O compounds at different initial temperatures and at 1 atm were obtained from studies by Kondo et al (2011), Coronado et al (2014Coronado et al ( , , 2012, Wierzba and Wang (2006), Rowley et al (2010), Craven and Foster (1966), Li et al (2011), Karim et al (1984), Goethals et al (1999), and Ciccarelli et al (2006).…”

Flammability limits, explosion pressures, and applicability of Le Chatelier's rule to binary alkane–nitrous oxide mixtures

“…In the chemical and process industries, avoiding flammable mixtures, preventing explosions from starting, and mitigating the damage caused by an explosion are growing more important for reducing the risks of explosion and fire. The preventive measurements include inerting (Chen et al, 2009), reducing pressure (Coronado et al, 2014), and controlling fuel concentrations (Le et al, 2013). In any case, for the flammable mixtures containing nitrous oxide, appropriate measurements should be taken to reduce the risks of explosion and fire.…”

“…(2) into Eq. (3) yields Le Chatelier's formula, a method for estimating LFLs (Coronado et al, 2014):…”

Determination of upper flammability limits of C H O compounds in air at reference temperature and atmospheric pressure

“…In a previous work the experimental determination of the flammability limits have been addressed; they were determined experimentally by applying standardized test methods [1]. In another work, the flammability limits of ethanol were determined at different initial temperatures and pressures [2]. Earlier works by Zabetakis [3] and by Coward and Jones [4] describe a different apparatus used before the standardized tests were established.…”

“…The flammability criteria are given by standardized procedures like that described by the American Standard ASTM E681, applied by Coronado et al [2]: a mixture is considered flammable if the flame propagates upwards and outwards from the ignition point, located at the center of a spherical reaction vessel, forming an arc of at least 90°on the vessel's wall.…”