Flake Cu-Sn Alloys as Negative Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Xia, Yongyao; Sakai, Tetsuo; Fujieda, Takuya; Wada, M.; Yoshinaga, Hideo

doi:10.1149/1.1362542

Cited by 92 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 12 publications

(17 reference statements)

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this represents the highest rate capability of an Sn or Sn-based alloy ever reported. [9,25] The rate capability of the Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy prepared in 5 s (s in Fig. 6b) showed similar trend to that of the sample prepared in 10 s. Nevertheless, the rate capability of 10 s deposited sample is slightly better than that of 5 s deposited sample at high lithium-extraction rates (> 3C rate).…”

Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 61%

Three-Dimensional Porous Copper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

2005

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Three‐dimensional (3D) foam structure of a Cu6Sn5 alloy was fabricated via an electrochemical deposition process. The walls of the foam structure are highly porous and consist of numerous small grains. When used as a negative electrode for a rechargeable lithium battery, the Cu6Sn5 samples delivered a reversible capacity of about 400 mA h g–1 up to 30 cycles. Further, these materials exhibit superior rate capability, attributed primarily to the unique porous structure and the large surface area for fast mass transport and rapid surface reactions. For instance, at a current drain of 10 mA cm–2 (20C rate), the obtainable capacity (220 mA h g–1) was more than 50 % of the capacity at 0.5 mA cm–2 (1C rate).

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Section: Full Papermentioning

confidence: 61%

Three-Dimensional Porous Copper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

2005

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“…For this investigation, the Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy in the Cu-Sn system was chosen for the following reasons: 1) It has been shown that as Li is added to Cu 6 Sn 5 , it eventually decomposes to a Li-Sn alloy (active) surrounded by a Cu matrix (inactive) (i.e., forms active-inactive composite) [11][12][13][14]; 2) The volumetric capacity of a Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy made by conventional melting [12] at 10 cycles was about twice the capacity for graphite, whereas for the Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy at 25 cycles made by mechanical alloying [14], the capacity was about three times that for graphite. Thus, Cu 6 Sn 5 has potential as a replacement for graphite in Li-ion batteries if its cycle life can improved; and 3) there is experimental evidence for the Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy in the micron-size particle range that as the particle size is decreased, an improvement in cycle life is exhibited [15].…”

Section: Materials Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also shown in Figure 3 are data for graphite (theoretical capacity) [11] and the Cu 6 Sn 5 alloy with micron-sized particles (information about the particle size is listed in parentheses) prepared by conventional melting (< 38 Jim) [12] and mechanical alloying (<1 u.m) [14]. From Figure 3, several important points are noted.…”

Section: Materials Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, there has been interest in the use of composites consisting of a lithium active metal (metal that alloys with lithium (Li), i.e., tin (Sn)) dispersed within an inactive matrix (i.e., copper (Cu)) as replacement anodes for graphite in Li-ion batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Active-inactive composites are preferred over an anode consisting only of a lithium alloy, even though there is loss of specific capacity because of the extra weight of the inactive component because the cycle life of the alloy is very limited.…”

Section: Contents Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cycle Life Enhancement in Cu-Sn Anodes

Wofenstine¹,

Foster²,

Read³

et al. 2002

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This technical report summarizes the work on two different approaches that have been used to increase the cycle life of active-inactive composites in the copper-tin system. The first approach is to reduce the particle size of the active-inactive composities to the nano-scale (<100 nm). The second approach is the addition of extra elements that segregate to grain/phase boundaries and increase the cohesive strength of the boundary. Both approaches significantly improved the capacity retention of a Cu6Sn5 alloy. A larger improvement in capacity retention was exhibited by the addition of 10-wt.% iron compared to the reduction of the particle size to the nano-scale. The volumetric capacity of the Cu6Sn5 alloy containing 10 wt.% iron at 100 cycles is almost three times the theoretical capacity of graphite. The Cu6Sn5-10 wt.% Fe material has potential as a replacement anode for graphite in lithium-ion batteries.

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“…To date, Cu 6 Sn 5 has been widely studied, including the Li-ion alloying mechanism, 4,8 the preparation of nanosize crystalline and amorphous materials, 9,10 somewhat regular-shaped materials using different techniques, 11 using thin film electrodes 12 and so forth, to improve its cycling stability. In the present work, we systematically studied the effects of partial substitution of Co for Cu on the electrochemical properties of the Co x Cu 6−x Sn 5 electrodes by means of charge/discharge test and ex situ X-ray diffraction ͑XRD͒ analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Co-Doped Co[sub x]Cu[sub 6−x]Sn[sub 5] Alloys as Negative Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Zhang

Xia

2007

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A series of Co-doped Co x Cu 6−x Sn 5 ͑0 ഛ x ഛ 2͒ alloys were prepared by mechanical alloying, followed by annealing at 400°C. The Co-doped alloys show the same structure as the Cu 6 Sn 5 , which can be indexed to a hexagonal NiAs-type cell, but differ in the electrochemical performance as the anodes of Li-ion batteries. The results of ex situ X-ray diffraction analysis indicate the different Li alloying mechanism among Co x Cu 6−x Sn 5 . The metastable intermediate phases of Li 2 Co y Cu 1−y Sn formed during the Li-ion insertion process of Co x Cu 6−x Sn 5 become unstable and even undetectable with increasing amounts of Co substituted. A proper amount of Co-doped alloy, CoCu 5 Sn 5 , showed improved cycling stability at the expense of capacity, whereas a heavy Co-doped alloy, Co 2 Cu 4 Sn 5 , resulted in poor cycling ability. The crystal and electronic structure, thermodynamic stability of Co x Cu 6−x Sn 5 and half-lithiated alloy, Li 2 Co y Cu 1−y Sn, as well as the average voltage of alloying reaction in terms of different discharge depths were investigated using first-principles density-functional theory with pseudopotentials and plane wave basis. Lithium-ion batteries based on a carbon/graphite anode and a transition metal-oxide cathode have been commercially used in popular portable devices such as cellular phones and laptop computers for about 15 years. One of the most interesting and challenging goals is to develop increased capacity electrode materials in order to increase the battery energy density. The conventional anode material, graphite, has a theoretical maximum capacity of 372 mAh/g, or a volumetric capacity of 818 Ah/L ͑the density of graphite is 2.2 g/cm 3 ͒. Metals and alloys present an attractive alternative to graphite as anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to the high capacity, an acceptable rate capability, and operating potentials well above the potential of metallic lithium. In particular, the intermetallic compounds ͑MЈM͒ show the most promising possibilities.1-3 It typically consists of an "inactive phase MЈ," which does not react with lithium, and an "active phase M," which reacts with lithium.Introducing an inactive phase MЈ can reduce the volume expansion/ contraction to some extent, thus improving its cycling performance. According to the lithium-ion alloying mechanism, the alloys can be divided into two groups. The first one refers to those alloys in which the reaction of lithium results first in the formation of Li x MЈM as an intermediate phase, while further reaction leads to a mixed phase of the disordered Li x M alloy and metal MЈ, and the initial intermetallic alloys are reformed when lithium is extracted from the alloys during charge, such as Cu 6 Sn 5 , 1,4 InSb, 5,6 etc. The other group refers to those alloys in which the reaction of lithium in the MЈM results directly in the formation of a disordered Li x M alloy and metal MЈ matrix, but MЈ cannot recombine with M to reform the initial intermetallic compounds during the charge, such as Sn-Mn, 2 Sn-Fe, 3 and Co-...

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Flake Cu-Sn Alloys as Negative Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Cited by 92 publications

References 12 publications

Three-Dimensional Porous Copper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Three-Dimensional Porous Copper-Tin Alloy Electrodes for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Cycle Life Enhancement in Cu-Sn Anodes

Co-Doped Co[sub x]Cu[sub 6−x]Sn[sub 5] Alloys as Negative Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

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