Fish drug analysis—Phish-pharm: A searchable database of pharmacokinetics data in fish

Abstract

Information about drug residues and pharmacokinetic parameters in aquatic species is relatively sparse. In addition, it is difficult to rapidly compare data between studies due to differences in experimental conditions, such as water temperatures and salinity. To facilitate the study of aquatic species drug metabolism, we constructed a Fish Drug/Chemical Analysis Phish-Pharm (FDA-PP) database. This database consists of more than 400 articles that include data from 90 species (64 genera) of fish. Data fields include genus, species, water temperatures, the average animal weight, sample types analyzed, drug (or chemical) name, dosage, route of administration, metabolites identified, method of analysis, protein binding, clearance, volume of distribution in a central compartment (Vc) or volume of distribution at steady-state (Vd), and drug half-lives (t ½ ). Additional fields list the citation, authors, title, and Internet links. The document will be periodically updated, and users are invited to submit additional data. Updates will be announced in future issues of The AAPS Journal. This database will be a valuable resource to investigators of drug metabolism in aquatic species as well as government and private organizations involved in the drug approval process for aquatic species.KEYWORDS: aquatic, fish, drug, pharmacokinetics, residues, database, Web. INTRODUCTIONThere are currently very few drugs approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for use in fish. [1][2][3][4] Although there are several reasons for this shortage, the primary factor is a lack of pharmaceutical sponsors willing to invest in the research needed to generate the data to support a drug approval. Such data include demonstration of drug efficacy and safety in the target species, human food safety, and environmental impact assessments. 5 The overall cost of obtaining the experimental data required for a New Animal Drug Application (NADA) can be in excess of $40 million. [6][7][8] Efforts to increase the availability of therapeutic agents for fish and for other minor species include work being done by the National Research Support Project No. 7 6 and the Proposals to Increase the Availability of Approved Animal Drugs forMinor Species and Minor Uses. 9 One strategy being explored for aquaculture drug products is to group species according to those species of fish likely to present with similar safety profiles, effectiveness characteristics, or withdrawal times. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Several approaches have been suggested for this "crop grouping," and the proposed basis for grouping species has included taxonomic class, salinity tolerance, or water temperature.The underlying theory for a taxonomic grouping is that organisms closely related phylogenetically might be expected to have similar drug metabolism and elimination. This is definitely the case in fish lacking certain renal elements such as glomeruli and distal tubules. 17 Drugs that are normally filtered by the glomerulus are retained much longer in these fish species....

Phenol-Explorer 2.0: a major update of the Phenol-Explorer database integrating data on polyphenol metabolism and pharmacokinetics in humans and experimental animals

“…Databases containing metabolism and pharmacokinetics data for certain drugs are already available (18, 19), although Phenol-Explorer is the first to contain similar data for natural or dietary compounds and to allow all retrieved information to be traced back to the original publications. It is also unique in that all intervention studies have been systematically analyzed and relevant data comprehensively curated.…”

Melamine–cyanurate complexes and oxidative stress markers in trout kidney following melamine and cyanuric acid long-term co-exposure and withdrawal

“…Moreover, crystals can occlude renal tubules causing severe damages in kidney. Generally, fish absorb and excrete chemicals more slowly than mammals (Reimschuessel, 2008;Reimschuessel et al 2005Reimschuessel et al , 2009). The tissue half-life (t) in rainbow trout for MEL and CYA is 3-4 days and 1-2 days, respectively (Reimschuessel et al 2009).…”

“…Several studies have also shown other adverse effects on fish after ingestion of MEL and CYA, such as reduction of food consumption, body weight loss and histopathological alterations in kidney (Reimschuessel et al , 2009Xue et al 2011;Phromkunthong et al 2013). Moreover, little is known about the process of crystal removal in cold-blooded fish (Reimschuessel et al 2009(Reimschuessel et al , 2010, which absorb and excrete chemicals more slowly than mammals (Reimschuessel et al 2005).…”

Antibacterial Drugs in Fish Farms: Application and Its Effects

“…Therefore, these parameters are included in the Phish-Pharm Database and should be considered when administering antibacterials to fish. Table 5 shows some drug dosages that have been reported for fish (Reimschuessel et al, 2005). It is important to realise that the dosages listed in Table 5 may not have been shown to be safe or effective in all fish species.…”