First Screen-Printed Sensor (Electrochemically Activated Screen-Printed Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode) for Quantitative Determination of Rifampicin by Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetry

Abstract

In this paper, a screen-printed boron-doped electrode (aSPBDDE) was subjected to electrochemical activation by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.1 M NaOH and the response to rifampicin (RIF) oxidation was used as a testing probe. Changes in surface morphology and electrochemical behaviour of RIF before and after the electrochemical activation of SPBDDE were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), CV and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The increase in number and size of pores in the modifier layer and reduction of charge transfer residence were likely responsible for electrochemical improvement of the analytical signal from RIF at the SPBDDE. Quantitative analysis of RIF by using differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry in 0.1 mol L−1 solution of PBS of pH 3.0 ± 0.1 at the aSPBDDE was carried out. Using optimized conditions (Eacc of −0.45 V, tacc of 120 s, ΔEA of 150 mV, ν of 100 mV s−1 and tm of 5 ms), the RIF peak current increased linearly with the concentration in the four ranges: 0.002–0.02, 0.02–0.2, 0.2–2.0, and 2.0–20.0 nM. The limits of detection and quantification were calculated at 0.22 and 0.73 pM. The aSPBDDE showed satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity towards potential interferences. The applicability of the aSPBDDE for control analysis of RIF was demonstrated using river water samples and certified reference material of bovine urine.

State of the Art on Developments of (Bio)Sensors and Analytical Methods for Rifamycin Antibiotics Determination

“…RIF is an odorless red crystalline powder. It is hydrophobic and very slightly soluble in water, acetone, alcohol and ether, and it is soluble in methanol and ethyl acetate, and easily soluble in chloroform [ 36 , 37 ]. Based on its reduced, pH-dependent water solubility (2.50 mg/mL at 25 °C) and highly permeability, RIF is classified as a Class II drug, according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System [ 38 , 39 ].…”

Screen-Printed Voltammetric Sensors—Tools for Environmental Water Monitoring of Painkillers

“…The main purpose of the SPCEs pre-treatment was to remove organic ink components or contaminants and increase surface roughness or functionality [ 127 , 128 , 129 ]. Several methods of pre-treatment of SPEs can be found in the literature, such as heat treatment [ 127 ], oxygen plasma treatment [ 128 ], chemical treatment [ 129 ], polishing [ 130 , 131 ], and electrochemical treatment [ 132 , 133 , 134 ]. Electrochemical treatments allow the in situ easy activation of SPCEs.…”

Boron doped diamond electrode in analytical chemistry: methods of electrode surface activation (а short review)

“…Для АДБЕ також характерні, зазвичай, слабка адсорбція для більшості органічних молекул, низький фоновий струм, низька ємність ПЕШ [21][22][23]. Усе це своєю чергою свідчить про високу чутливість електрода, тобто про інтенсивніший аналітичний сигнал.…”