Screen-Printed Voltammetric Sensors—Tools for Environmental Water Monitoring of Painkillers

Abstract

The dynamic production and usage of pharmaceuticals, mainly painkillers, indicates the growing problem of environmental contamination. Therefore, the monitoring of pharmaceutical concentrations in environmental samples, mostly aquatic, is necessary. This article focuses on applying screen-printed voltammetric sensors for the voltammetric determination of painkillers residues, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, paracetamol, and tramadol in environmental water samples. The main advantages of these electrodes are simplicity, reliability, portability, small instrumental setups comprising the three electrodes, and modest cost. Moreover, the electroconductivity, catalytic activity, and surface area can be easily improved by modifying the electrode surface with carbon nanomaterials, polymer films, or electrochemical activation.

Comparison of Different Electrochemical Methodologies for Electrode Reactions: A Case Study of Paracetamol

“…In this expression, the value of the transfer coefficient is retained, which is not in the Nicholson and Shain equation. The values of calculated k 0 using Equation (7) are presented in Table 4. The values of k 0 range from 0.001 to 0.013 cm/s, with an average value of 0.07 cm/s.…”

“…In our study, we employed three different methods to calculate k 0 , each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the electrochemical behavior of the system. The first method utilized was the Nicholson and Shain method [7]: a widely recognized approach in electrochemical kinetics. This method, based on the analysis of cyclic voltammograms, allows for the estimation of k 0 by examining the relationship between peak separation and scan rates using a dimensionless parameter Ψ.…”

“…A deep insight into electrochemical reactions on the surface of electrodes is essential to understanding the processes in catalysis, electrolysis, batteries, sensors, and fuel cells [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. Cyclic voltammetry-a simple, easy, and common technique-is a front-line tool to investigate reactions on electrode surfaces.…”

Evaluating the performance of an inexpensive, commercially available, NFC‐powered and smartphone controlled potentiostat for electrochemical sensing

“…Additionally, screen printed electrodes are notoriously variable, which could lead to some variation. Finally, the number of times that the electrode has been cycled prior to the measurement may increase the magnitude of the current, most likely due to electrode activation (Figure S3) [15].…”

Magnetic activated carbon derived from pine fruit waste: efficient adsorbent for tetracycline (TC) and paracetamol (PC) removal from aqueous solution

“…One of the challenging issues is that the pharmaceutical residues in wastewater are not exterminate or removed in many cases. Among the systematically used medicines, painkillers and antibiotics account for a signi cant share of the drugs consumed by humans and grassland animals [11][12][13] . For example, accordant with the World Health Organization (WHO), PC acts as a common nonsteroidal 14 , antiin ammatory 15 , and antipyretic drug 16 in the rst line of pain treatment by inhibiting cellular mediators involved in the initiation of pain.…”