First report of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus resistant to ivermectin in Mexico

Perez-Cogollo, L.C.; Rodríguez-Vivas, Róger Iván; Ramírez-Cruz, G.T.; Miller, Robert J.

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.10.021

Cited by 100 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…microplus to the fluazuron pharmacological basis, but attention must be paid to the fact that if any product is not applied to the animals in an appropriate way and at a suitable time, the resistance will tend to appear. Regarding ivermectin, reports described resistance in Mexico (PEREZ-COGOLLO et al, 2010) and the field experiment reported by Martins and Furlong (2001) discovered a strain resistant to avermectins in the State of Rio Grande do Sul; also, this same situation was already described in reports in the states of São Paulo and Mato Grosso do Sul (CASTRO-JANER et al, 2010b).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Acaricides efficiency on Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus from Bahia state North-Central region

Filho

Silva

Sousa

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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The cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus is responsible for major losses in the Brazilian livestock, mainly due to reduction in cattle productive performance. Resistance development to major classes of acaricide widely used nowadays has been extensively reported, as well as the occurrence of residues from these compounds in animal products and the environment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of acaricides on R. (B.) microplus collected from rural properties in the North-Central region of Bahia State. Ticks were collected in several cattle farms in the cited region, and an in vitro acaricide efficiency assay was performed based on the immersion of ticks in acaricide solutions made according to manufacturers' recommendations. The results obtained in the experiments indicated varying degrees of efficiency of the several bases studied, with the products benzofenilurea, macrocyclic lactone and fipronil showing the highest levels of efficiency, 100%, 100% and 97.34%, respectively. It was possible to conclude that, for the region studied, there are different degrees of commercial acaricides efficiency, and many present less than 95% effectiveness, value determined as acceptable by the Brazilian legislation.Keywords: Ticks, cattle, drug resistance, acaricide, Brazilian Northeast. ResumoO carrapato Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus é responsável por grandes perdas na pecuária brasileira, principalmente devido à redução no desempenho produtivo dos animais. A resistência do parasita a diferentes classes de acaricidas tem sido amplamente relatada, bem como os problemas de ocorrência de resíduos desses compostos em produtos de origem animal e no ambiente. Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência de diversos acaricidas sobre populações de R. (B.) microplus provenientes de propriedades rurais da Região Centro-Norte do Estado da Bahia, Brasil. Teleóginas ingurgitadas foram colhidas em diferentes propriedades da região e submetidas a ensaio in vitro de eficiência de acaricidas, baseado na imersão dos carrapatos em soluções de acaricidas feitas seguindo as recomendações dos fabricantes. Os resultados obtidos indicam níveis variados de eficiência das bases estudadas, com os acaricidas benzofenilureia, lactona macrocíclica e fipronil apresentando os índices mais altos de eficiência, 100%, 100% e 97.34%, respectivamente. Pode-se concluir que, para a região estudada, os acaricidas apresentam níveis diversos de eficiência, e muitos deles possuem eficácia de menos de 95%, como recomendado pela legislação brasileira.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 55%

Acaricides efficiency on Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus from Bahia state North-Central region

Filho

Silva

Sousa

et al. 2013

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

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“…The indiscriminate use of these chemicals has resulted in the development of resistance in populations of internal and external parasites of cattle, which impacts the livestock industry in Mexico (82)(83)(84)(85)(86)(87) .…”

Section: Parasiticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resistance to conventional acaricides and macrocyclic lactones, including organophosphates (OPs), pyrethroids (SPs), amitraz, fipronil, and ivermectin among cattle fever tick populations has been identified as one of the most common problems in cattle from Mexico (83,87) . Resistance to OPs first developed in the 1980s in Mexico, and resistance to SPs emerged in the 1990s.…”

Section: Parasiticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first case of amitraz resistance in R. microplus from Mexico was confirmed in 2001 in the state of Tabasco (86) . The first reports of R. microplus populations resistant to ivermectin and fipronil in Mexico were made in 2010 and 2013, respectively (87,88) . Rodríguez-Vivas et al (89) studied 217 field populations of R. microplus and determined the prevalence of farms with resistance to SPs, OPs and amitraz in the southern part of the country.…”

Section: Parasiticide Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Potential economic impact assessment for cattle parasites in Mexico. Review

Rodríguez-Vivas

Grisi

León

et al. 2017

Rev. Mex. Cienc. Pecu.

164

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Here, economic losses caused by cattle parasites in Mexico were estimated on an annual basis. The main factors taken into consideration for this assessment included the total number of animals at risk, potential detrimental effects of parasitism on milk production or weight gain, and records of condemnation on livestock byproducts. Estimates in US dollars (US$) were based on reported yield losses in untreated animals. These estimates reflect the major effects on cattle productivity of six parasites, or RESUMENLas pérdidas económicas causadas por parásitos del bovino en México se calcularon anualmente. Los principales factores considerados para esta evaluación incluyeron el número total de animales a riesgo, los posibles efectos dañinos del parasitismo sobre la producción de leche o ganancia de peso, y los decomisos de subproductos pecuarios. Las pérdidas económicas fueron estimadas en dólares americanos (US$) y se basaron en las pérdidas del rendimiento productivo de animales no tratados. Estas estimaciones reflejan los principales efectos de seis parásitos o grupos de parásitos sobre la producción bovina. El impacto económico potencial (millones de dólares) fue: nematodos gastrointestinales US$ 445.10; coccidias (Eim eria spp.) US$ 23.78; duelas del hígado (Fasciola hepatica) US$ 130.91; garrapatas (Rhipicephalus m icroplus) US$ 573.61; mosca de los cuernos (Haem atobia irritans) US$ 231.67; y mosca de los establos (Stom ox ys calcitrans) US$ 6.79. En general, las pérdidas anuales causadas por los seis principales parásitos del bovino en México se estimaron en US$ 1.41 mil millones. Considerando que la población bovina nacional en 2013 fue de 32.40 millones de bovinos, la pérdida anual estimada fue de US$ 43.57 por animal. Se hace mención de las limitaciones que tienen el uso de algunas referencias para las estimaciones, particularmente cuando se extrapolan situaciones locales a una escala nacional. Sin embargo, el resultado general obtenido en este estudio demuestra la magnitud e importancia del parasitismo en el ganado de México y los desafíos para maximizar la rentabilidad de la industria ganadera sin recurrir al uso de estrategias de control integrado sustentable de parásitos.

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“…Resistance has been reported in Brazil (MARTINS;FURLONG, 2001;KLAFKE et al, 2006KLAFKE et al, , 2012 and Mexico (PEREZ-COGOLLO et al, 2010), but studies of resistance mechanisms are just beginning. Because fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones both are believed to act on the glutamate-gated chloride channel and the 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated chloride channel, the possibility of cross resistance must be considered.…”

Section: Resistance Mechanisms To Other Acaricidesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

Guerrero

Lovis

Martins

2012

Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet.

192

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Acaricide resistance has become widespread in countries where cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, are a problem. Resistance arises through genetic changes in a cattle tick population that causes modifications to the target site, increased metabolism or sequestration of the acaricide, or reduced ability of the acaricide to penetrate through the outer protective layers of the tick's body. We review the molecular and biochemical mechanisms of acaricide resistance that have been shown to be functional in R. (B.) microplus. From a mechanistic point of view, resistance to pyrethroids has been characterized to a greater degree than any other acaricide class. Although a great deal of research has gone into discovery of the mechanisms that cause organophosphate resistance, very little is defined at the molecular level and organophosphate resistance seems to be maintained through a complex and multifactorial process. The resistance mechanisms for other acaricides are less well understood. The target sites of fipronil and the macrocyclic lactones are known and resistance mechanism studies are in the early stages. The target site of amitraz has not been definitively identified and this is hampering mechanistic studies on this acaricide.Keywords: Cattle tick, resistance mechanisms, target site mutation, metabolism. ResumoA resistência aos acaricidas tornou-se amplamente difundida nos países onde os carrapatos bovinos, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, são um problema. A resistência surge por meio de alterações genéticas em uma população de carrapatos que causam modificações no local de ação, aumento do metabolismo ou sequestro do acaricida, ou ainda redução na capacidade do acaricida em penetrar através das camadas protetoras do corpo do carrapato. Neste artigo, foram revisados os mecanismos moleculares e bioquímicos da resistência aos acaricidas que ocorrem em R. (B.) microplus. A partir de um ponto de vista dos mecanismos envolvidos, a resistência aos piretróides tem sido caracterizada em maior grau do que em qualquer outra classe de acaricida. Embora uma grande quantidade de pesquisas têm sido direcionada para a descoberta de mecanismos que causam resistência aos organofosforados, muito pouco é conhecido ao nível molecular, e essa resistência parece ser mantida por intermédio de um processo multifatorial e complexo. Os mecanismos de resistência para os demais acaricidas são bem menos compreendidos. Os alvos de ação do fipronil e das lactonas macrocíclicas são conhecidos, e os estudos dos mecanismos de ação envolvidos estão ainda em estágios iniciais. O alvo de ação do amitraz ainda não foi definitivamente identificado, e isso é limitante aos estudos dos mecanismos envolvidos na resistência a esse acaricida.Palavras-chave: Carrapato bovino, mecanismos de resistência, mutação no local de ação, metabolismo.

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First report of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus resistant to ivermectin in Mexico

Cited by 100 publications

References 17 publications

Acaricides efficiency on Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus from Bahia state North-Central region

Acaricides efficiency on Rhipicephalus(Boophilus) microplus from Bahia state North-Central region

Potential economic impact assessment for cattle parasites in Mexico. Review

Acaricide resistance mechanisms in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus

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