First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a free-living giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) revealed a unique non-archetypal genotype

Pena, Hilda Fátima Jesus; Ferrari, Vinícius Matheus; Aires, Luiz Paulo Nogueira; Soares, Herbert Sousa; Oliveira, Solange; Gennari, Solange Maria; Dubey, J. P.; Mattos, Luiz Carlos de; Mattos, Cinara Cássia Brandão de; Castiglioni, Lilian

doi:10.1016/j.actatropica.2020.105335

Cited by 2 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…gondii virulence as analyzing it is a potentially faster and more practical alternative to performing the biological assay in mice [ 13 , 24 – 26 ]. The results of the cluster analysis corroborated the findings of other studies in Brazil that demonstrated that there were few atypical or recombinant isolates associated with genotype II [ 12 – 15 , 21 , 22 , 25 ].…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

“…This suggested a high genetic diversity in the population of circulating T . gondii , corroborating the results of the genotyping of isolates from other animals in the same state [ 21 – 25 ] and in other states of Brazil [ 12 – 14 ] ( S3 Table ). Only one genotype (TgCatBr 85) was previously described by a single isolate found in a dog in Colombia by Chanlei Su in 2016.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

“…The molecular analysis of 11 markers in the five isolates by PCR-RFLP showed the presence of three unique genotypes that were different from those found in our studies. This suggested a high genetic diversity in the population of circulating T. gondii, corroborating the results of the genotyping of isolates from other animals in the same state [21][22][23][24][25] and in other states of Brazil [12][13][14] (S3 Table ). Only one genotype (TgCatBr 85) was previously described by a single isolate found in a dog in Colombia by Chanlei Su in 2016.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 83%

“…This further corroborated the high diversity of T . gondii strains from Brazil and South America where the isolates have atypical characteristics [ 6 , 11 , 12 , 17 , 21 ]. Moreover, the studies by Can et al (2014) in Turkey (Eurasia) reported isolates type II, type III, and genotype Africa 1, which corroborates the results of other studies carried out in this region [ 6 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These tend to result in more serious infections than those in countries from North America, Europe, and Africa. These data were obtained from isolates from animals, including cats, using the polymerase chain reaction, associated with the DNA fragment polymorphism obtained by restriction enzyme (PCR-RFLP) technique and the typing of microsatellite markers [8][9][10][11][12]. The use of these techniques demonstrated that the isolates from Brazil do not fit into an exclusively clonal propagation pattern, showing a high genetic diversity [10,13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cats in the state of Bahia, Northeast of Brazil

et al. 2021

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In this study, 20 blood, heart, and brain samples were collected from euthanized cats at the Zoonosis Control Centers and Veterinary Clinics in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The sera were examined for anti-T. gondii antibodies using the indirect hemagglutination test. The brains and hearts of seven seropositive cats were ground, and peptide digestion was performed for bioassay in mice. Toxoplasma gondii was isolated in 5/7 (71.42%) of seropositive cats. In these isolates, the parasite was genotyped using the Polymerase chain reaction, associated with the DNA fragment polymorphism obtained by restriction enzyme PCR-RFLP technique with 11 markers (SAG1, 5’-SAG2, 3’-SAG2, alt. SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, Apico, and CS3) and 15 microsatellite markers (TUB-2, W35, TgM-A, B18, B17, M33, IV.1, XI.1, M48, M102, N60, N82, AA, N61, N83). The analysis of the isolates by PCR-RFLP revealed five distinct genotypes. Three of these genotypes have never been reported before; one corresponded to the TgDgCo13 genotype, and one incomplete genotype. In genotyping analysis using microsatellite markers, it was observed that the isolates showed atypical alleles in the typing and fingerprint markers. This revealed five atypical genotypes. The typing marker B17 showed the highest degree of atypia. This study is the first to report the genotyping of T. gondii obtained from naturally infected cats in Bahia, Northeast Brazil. The genotypes found in this study were different from those found in other studies conducted in Bahia, which included different species of animals. None of the clonal lineages I, II, or III were found. This study demonstrates the diversity of T. gondii in the study region, with the presence of unusual genotypes, reaffirming the genetic variability of the parasite in Brazil.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 86%

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 82%

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Presence of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cats in the state of Bahia, Northeast of Brazil

et al. 2021

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A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

Costa

Barbosa

Prado

et al. 2021

Transbounding Emerging Dis

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Toxoplasma gondii was initially classified in three main lineages related to its virulence: Types I, II, and III. The recombination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, found in ToxoDB database, using 11 RFLP markers. Freerange chickens are good bioindicators of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In this sense, there are systematic reviews regarding data of genetic characterization of this parasite in felines and ruminants, but not in chickens heretofore, what makes this work necessary. A systematic review of the literature was performed with papers published prior to September 21, 2020. The main inclusion criteria were the presence of T. gondii genotypes, isolated strictly from free-range chickens, in experimental works.Initially, a total of 1,343 studies related to the terms were identified on databases and 30 studies were selected to be systematically reviewed. A total of 561 isolates of T. gondii from 6,356 free-range chickens were analyzed for genotyping, revealing 190 genotypes. ToxoDB #59 and #2 were the most frequent in America, #1 was the most frequent in Africa and three atypical isolates from genotype ToxoDB #9 were found in Asia. There is no data from Europe and Oceania. The majority of studies were Brazilian (16/30). A total of 68 RFLP genotypes were recognized among the 561 isolates' DNAs analyzed from the 30 studies. Some studies showed new genotypes never described before, which reinforces the idea that in some years even more new genotypes will be identified, due to gradual genetic recombination. A large number of undefined genotypes makes it necessary to perform Nested PCR technique when genotyping.Moreover, the lack of data in Continents such as Europe, Asia, and Oceania makes it necessary to perform new isolating and genotyping studies in these places.

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First isolation and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii in a free-living giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) revealed a unique non-archetypal genotype

Cited by 2 publications

References 18 publications

Presence of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cats in the state of Bahia, Northeast of Brazil

Presence of atypical genotypes of Toxoplasma gondii isolated from cats in the state of Bahia, Northeast of Brazil

A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

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