A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes in Gallus gallus domesticus worldwide: The focus is Brazil

Abstract

Toxoplasma gondii was initially classified in three main lineages related to its virulence: Types I, II, and III. The recombination of genes during sexual cycle in felids gut led to more than 200 genotypes, found in ToxoDB database, using 11 RFLP markers. Freerange chickens are good bioindicators of soil contamination with T. gondii oocysts. In this sense, there are systematic reviews regarding data of genetic characterization of this parasite in felines and ruminants, but not in chickens heretofore, what makes this work necessary. A systematic review of the literature was performed with papers published prior to September 21, 2020. The main inclusion criteria were the presence of T. gondii genotypes, isolated strictly from free-range chickens, in experimental works.Initially, a total of 1,343 studies related to the terms were identified on databases and 30 studies were selected to be systematically reviewed. A total of 561 isolates of T. gondii from 6,356 free-range chickens were analyzed for genotyping, revealing 190 genotypes. ToxoDB #59 and #2 were the most frequent in America, #1 was the most frequent in Africa and three atypical isolates from genotype ToxoDB #9 were found in Asia. There is no data from Europe and Oceania. The majority of studies were Brazilian (16/30). A total of 68 RFLP genotypes were recognized among the 561 isolates' DNAs analyzed from the 30 studies. Some studies showed new genotypes never described before, which reinforces the idea that in some years even more new genotypes will be identified, due to gradual genetic recombination. A large number of undefined genotypes makes it necessary to perform Nested PCR technique when genotyping.Moreover, the lack of data in Continents such as Europe, Asia, and Oceania makes it necessary to perform new isolating and genotyping studies in these places.

Toxoplasmosis in a free ranging hairy dwarf porcupine ( Sphiggurus spinosus) with a novel genotype

“…This sample is likely a new genotype, with similarity to other known genotypes, since 9 out of 11 markers matched to ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotypes #6, #80, #126 and #244 (Table 1). The genotype #6 (also known as BrI and Africa 1) is the major virulent lineage previously reported in Brazil, and it was previously identified in domestic and wild Brazilian animals like chickens, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, pigeons, and capybaras (Dubey et al, 2012;Costa et al, 2021;Barros et al, 2014;Yai et al, 2009). The genotype #6 is also observed in HIV-immunosuppressed humans in Brazil, with severe and diffuse cerebral toxoplasmosis (Ferreira et al, 2011).…”