K lebsiella pneumoniae is an opportunistic bacteria that is a normal part of the nasopharyngeal and gastrointestinal tract microbiome of humans and animals (1). The hypermucoviscous variant of K. pneumoniae (hvKp), initially described in Southeast Asia, has emerged as a pathogen affecting young and healthy persons worldwide (2). The development of prominent polysaccharide capsules associated with capsular serotypes K1 or K2 have been reported as the major virulence determinants for human hvKp in liver abscesses, perhaps because it seems to protect the bacteria from phagocytosis and prevents destruction by bactericidal serum factors (2). K. pneumoniae strains have also been associated with a variety of diseases in animals, especially in Old World (Africa, Asia, and Europe) and New World (Oceana, North America, and South America) nonhuman primates (3-5). Sudden death or various clinical signs, including anorexia, prostration, fever, cough, dyspnea, mucopurulent discharge, meningitis, pneumonia, peritonitis, and sepsis are strongly associated with sporadic infections of K. pneumoniae in common marmosets research colonies (5,6). Despite the well-recognized zoonotic importance of hvKp and the public health risk of emerging multidrug-resistant strains (7-9), information is incomplete about the genotypic and phenotypic characterization of the etiologic agent essential to adequately diagnose and treat this pathogen in captive and wild nonhuman primates. The aim of this study was to report an epizootic among common marmosets in a wildlife rehabilitation center in Brazil and to describe the serotype, sequence typing, virulence properties, and resistance profile of the K. pneumoniae strains involved. The Study On February 10-11, 2019, a total of 11 captive marmosets (8 Callithrix penicillata, 2 C. jacchus, and 1 hybrid) died suddenly without clinical signs of disease. All of the animals were maintained in Parque Ecológico do Tietê, located in São Paulo municipality, São Paulo, Brazil, which is a center for receiving, rehabilitating, and referring wildlife. All animals had been in captivity 123-399 days. No new animals had been introduced into the cages in the previous 25 days. Each necropsy was performed <24 h after death in accordance with the Brazil Ministry of Health's guide for surveillance of epizootics in nonhuman primates (10). Tissue samples were preserved in phosphatebuffered formalin 10% and processed for routine histopathology and for 12 hours in refrigeration for microbiologic and molecular analyses. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of

After the sudden death of eleven captives marmosets in a rehabilitation center of wildlife in São Paulo, Brazil, histological and microbiological study was conducted. Liver, spleen, intestine, central nervous system, lung, thymus, stomach, testicle tissues were analyzed by light microscopy and microbial cultures were conducted. Environmental cultures were also performed. Prophylactic antimicrobial therapy, restricted access to marmosets’ cages with dedicated staff, and additional sanitization of animals’ fruits were implemented. Histological findings were compatible with hyperacute septicemia, and microbiological cultures and molecular tests identified the etiologic agent as hypermucoviscous sequence type 86 capsular type K2 K. pneumoniae for the first time in South America. Implementation of prompt containment measures led to successful control of this outbreak. Detection of a hypervirulent and zoonotic pathogen, such as hypermucoviscous K. pneumoniae ST86 K2, in an unexpected and human interface reservoir underscores its potential threat in public health settings.

This report describes a 14-year-old Pit Bull dog presenting with a soft tissue swelling of 3-month progression in the right sublingual region. Histopathological analysis of the surgically resected specimen revealed large numbers of mature adipocytes and islets consisting of mucin-containing atrophic acini and dilated ducts surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule. Findings were consistent with sialolipoma of the sublingual salivary gland. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case of sialolipoma affecting the sublingual salivary gland in dogs.

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