“…GNSS message authentication has been studied for GPS, Galileo, and BeiDou, although, at the time of writing, only Galileo has confirmed its implementation . GNSS signals may also incorporate spreading code authentication and encryption features, such as those in Galileo Commercial Service, Public Regulated Service, or GPS P(Y) and M codes, which protect against spoofing of the pseudorange measurements. However, some threats, such as meaconers or GPS repeaters, need to be treated in the receiver, by monitoring AGC, C/N 0 , clock, signal correlation shape, PVT output, or adding antenna arrays or INS.…”