First Detection of Koi Herpesvirus in Cultured Common Carp Cyprinus carpio in Japan

Sano, Motohiko; Ito, Takafumi; Kurita, Jun; Yanai, Takanori; Watanabe, Naoki; Miwa, Satoshi; Iida, Takaji

doi:10.3147/jsfp.39.165

Cited by 118 publications

(118 citation statements)

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“…Since the first description of KHVD by Hedrick et al (1999), the virus has rapidly emerged at a global scale (Haenen et al 2004). The disease has triggered serious mortalities among carp cultured for consumption (Sano et al 2004, Sunarto et al 2005, Bergmann et al 2006, Hara et al 2006) and ornamental purposes (Hedrick et al 2000, Sunarto et al 2005. CyHV-3 has been acknowledged as an economically and sociologically important pathogen, and KHVD has been placed on the list of serious diseases notifiable to the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) and the European Union (EU).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Engelsma

Way²,

Dodge³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) or koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a devastating virus of carp. Using generic primers for the DNA polymerase and the major capsid protein genes of cyprinid herpesviruses, nucleotide sequences divergent from previously described CyHV-3 were obtained. At least 3 novel groups of putative CyHV-3-like viruses were identified, sharing 95 to 98% nucleotide identity with CyHV-3 strains. Carp carrying the CyHV-3 variants did not show clinical signs consistent with CyHV-3 infection and originated from locations with no actual CyHV-3 outbreaks. These strains might represent low-or non-pathogenic variants of CyHV-3.KEY WORDS: Carp · Alloherpesviridae · Phylogeny · CyHV-3 · Variant strains Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 107: [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] 2013 third member of the genus Cyprinivirus, the haema topoietic necrosis herpes virus of goldfish or cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), which specifically infects goldfish Carassius auratus (Jung & Miyazaki 1995, Davison et al. 2013.The complete genome sequences of 3 CyHV-3 isolates (KHV-U, KHV-I and TUMST1) originating from different geographical locations show only limited differences among each other (Aoki et al. 2007) and share more than 99% DNA sequence identity over the complete genomes (Avarre et al. 2011). Recent papers have described some degree of genetic variability between CyHV-3 isolates based upon nucleotide polymorphisms in specific regions of the genome and variation in the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs; Bigarré et al. 2009, Kurita et al. 2009, Avarre et al. 2011. In general, the variability between CyHV-3 strains, particularly in the welldefined open reading frames, is limited, whereas the VNTRs could prove to be valuable markers for epidemiological studies aimed at identifying the source of disease outbreaks.In the present study, novel CyHV DNA sequences were detected in carp and koi tissues by application of generic PCR primers capable of detecting a wide range of cyprinid herpesviruses. The CyHV sequences suggest that infections have occurred with viruses closely related to CyHV-3 but yet genetically distinguishable. A preliminary molecular characterisation of the novel cyprinid herpesviruses was carried out, and the sequences were compared with other herpesviruses from fish. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe material used in this study was taken as part of a surveillance programme or routine diagnostic testing of diseased carp and koi in the UK, Austria, Italy and the Netherlands from 2006 to 2012. Gill and kidney tissues were sampled from common carp/koi carp and stored in absolute ethanol. Total DNA was extracted from approximately 20 mg of tissue using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) or 50 µl of a clarified 10% tissue homogenate prepared for virus culture using the QIAamp virus mini Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol. The DNA was eluted in a 50 and a 60 µl volume, respectively. Purified DNA samples were stored at −20°C until...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Engelsma

Way²,

Dodge³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…In the same year, a mass mortality of carp caused by KHV occurred in Taiwan (Tu et al, 2004). In Japan, KHV was first detected by PCR from diseased common carp cultured in Lake Kasumigaura in Ibaraki Prefecture in October, 2003 (Sano et al, 2004;Iida and Sano, 2005;Sano et al, 2005). However, the detection of KHV from frozen fish samples from a disease outbreak in Okayama Prefecture revealed that KHV was introduced into Japan as early as May 2003 (Sano et al, 2004).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Japan, KHV was first detected by PCR from diseased common carp cultured in Lake Kasumigaura in Ibaraki Prefecture in October, 2003 (Sano et al, 2004;Iida and Sano, 2005;Sano et al, 2005). However, the detection of KHV from frozen fish samples from a disease outbreak in Okayama Prefecture revealed that KHV was introduced into Japan as early as May 2003 (Sano et al, 2004). Although there has been speculation, no definitive information is available for the source of infection which introduced the virus into Japan.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Epidemiology of Koi Herpesvirus

et al. 2009

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ABSTRACT-Three regions of koi herpesvirus (KHV) genomic DNA were compared for 34 samples from Japan, six from Indonesia, two from Taiwan, one from the Philippines, 13 from the Netherlands, one from the UK, one from the USA and one from Israel. The analyzed genomic regions included known PCRdetection targets (SphI-5, 9/5 and the thymidine kinase gene). The KHVs from Asian countries were very homogeneous, although two variants were noted based on a single nucleotide polymorphism. In contrast, seven variants were found in KHVs from outside of Asia, and although closely related to one another, they were clearly distinct from those from Asian. The results suggest that a clear genetic distinction exists between Asian and European (including each single isolate from the USA and Israel) types of KHV, and that unique types of KHV were independently introduced or emerged in the respective geographic locations.

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“…Studies also indicate that aquatic invertebrates such as swan mussels (Anodonta cygnea) and freshwater shrimp (Gammarus pulex) can also act as potential vector for KHV [45]. All age groups of carp, from juveniles upwards, are susceptible to KHVD [11,72] but, under experimental conditions, 2.5-6 g fish are more susceptible than 230 g fish [62].…”

Section: Koi Herpes Virus Disease (Khvd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture

et al. 2012

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish for human consumption, while koi carp, is a farmed colored sub species of common carp used for ornamental purposes. Since 1998, both common carp and koi carp are severely affected by a viral disease called as Koi herpes virus disease (KHVD). This disease is caused by Koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpes virus-3. The virus causes interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis in carps, so it is also termed as carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. KHV is a double stranded icosahedral DNA virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae, with a genome size of 295 kbp, larger than any member of Herpesviridae. The viral genome encodes 156 potential protein coding open reading frames. Each virion consists of forty structural proteins, which are classified as capsid (3), envelope (13), tegument (2) and unclassified (22) structural proteins. Diagnosis of KHVD is mainly based on detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers or loop mediated isothermal amplification. Temperature dependent latent infection is unique to KHV; and carrier fish are often not detected, thereby possibly resulting in spread of this pathogen to newer areas. The disease is now known to occur in, or has been recorded from at least 26 different countries of the world. Fortunately, KHVD has not been reported from India or from Indian major carps. To monitor the disease status of the country, a total of 254 fish samples collected from different parts of India were screened by PCR for the presence of KHV. None of the tested samples were found to be positive for KHV. These results demonstrate that tested samples from different parts of India were apparently free from KHV. Preliminary risk assessment of KHV suggest that in the event of unrestricted importation of koi carps into our country, there is a higher probability of risk to aquaculture as compared to natural waters. So there is strong need to develop diagnostic capabilities and launch surveillance programmes for KHV in India.

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First Detection of Koi Herpesvirus in Cultured Common Carp Cyprinus carpio in Japan

Cited by 118 publications

References 4 publications

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Molecular Epidemiology of Koi Herpesvirus

Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture

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