Molecular Epidemiology of Koi Herpesvirus

Kurita, Jun; Yuasa, Kei; Ito, Takafumi; Sano, Motohiko; Hedrick, Ronald P.; Engelsma, Marc; Haenen, O.L.M.; Sunarto, Agus; Kholidin, Edy Barkat; Chou, Hsin-Yiu; Tung, Ming-Chen; Peña, Leobert de la; Lio-Po, Gilda D.; Tu, Chien; Way, K.; Iida, Takaji

doi:10.3147/jsfp.44.59

Cited by 59 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Recent papers have described some degree of genetic variability between CyHV-3 isolates based upon nucleotide polymorphisms in specific regions of the genome and variation in the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs; Bigarré et al 2009, Kurita et al 2009, Avarre et al 2011. In general, the variability between CyHV-3 strains, particularly in the welldefined open reading frames, is limited, whereas the VNTRs could prove to be valuable markers for epidemiological studies aimed at identifying the source of disease outbreaks.…”

Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Engelsma

Way²,

Dodge³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) or koi herpesvirus (KHV) is a devastating virus of carp. Using generic primers for the DNA polymerase and the major capsid protein genes of cyprinid herpesviruses, nucleotide sequences divergent from previously described CyHV-3 were obtained. At least 3 novel groups of putative CyHV-3-like viruses were identified, sharing 95 to 98% nucleotide identity with CyHV-3 strains. Carp carrying the CyHV-3 variants did not show clinical signs consistent with CyHV-3 infection and originated from locations with no actual CyHV-3 outbreaks. These strains might represent low-or non-pathogenic variants of CyHV-3.KEY WORDS: Carp · Alloherpesviridae · Phylogeny · CyHV-3 · Variant strains Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 107: [113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] 2013 third member of the genus Cyprinivirus, the haema topoietic necrosis herpes virus of goldfish or cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2), which specifically infects goldfish Carassius auratus (Jung & Miyazaki 1995, Davison et al. 2013.The complete genome sequences of 3 CyHV-3 isolates (KHV-U, KHV-I and TUMST1) originating from different geographical locations show only limited differences among each other (Aoki et al. 2007) and share more than 99% DNA sequence identity over the complete genomes (Avarre et al. 2011). Recent papers have described some degree of genetic variability between CyHV-3 isolates based upon nucleotide polymorphisms in specific regions of the genome and variation in the variable number of tandem repeats (VNTRs; Bigarré et al. 2009, Kurita et al. 2009, Avarre et al. 2011. In general, the variability between CyHV-3 strains, particularly in the welldefined open reading frames, is limited, whereas the VNTRs could prove to be valuable markers for epidemiological studies aimed at identifying the source of disease outbreaks.In the present study, novel CyHV DNA sequences were detected in carp and koi tissues by application of generic PCR primers capable of detecting a wide range of cyprinid herpesviruses. The CyHV sequences suggest that infections have occurred with viruses closely related to CyHV-3 but yet genetically distinguishable. A preliminary molecular characterisation of the novel cyprinid herpesviruses was carried out, and the sequences were compared with other herpesviruses from fish. MATERIALS AND METHODSThe material used in this study was taken as part of a surveillance programme or routine diagnostic testing of diseased carp and koi in the UK, Austria, Italy and the Netherlands from 2006 to 2012. Gill and kidney tissues were sampled from common carp/koi carp and stored in absolute ethanol. Total DNA was extracted from approximately 20 mg of tissue using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen) or 50 µl of a clarified 10% tissue homogenate prepared for virus culture using the QIAamp virus mini Kit (Qiagen) following the manufacturer's protocol. The DNA was eluted in a 50 and a 60 µl volume, respectively. Purified DNA samples were stored at −20°C until...

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Section: Resale or Republication Not Permitted Without Written Consenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Engelsma

Way²,

Dodge³

et al. 2013

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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“…Variations in the thymidine kinase (TK) gene of the two genotypes are also reported. The C-terminal amino acids of TK gene of the Asian genotype varies greatly by frame-shift from the European genotype [46]. European genotypes of KHV have a 12 base-pair deletion in the ORF136 as compared to Asian genotype [18].…”

Section: Genotypesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture

et al. 2012

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Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) is a widely cultivated freshwater fish for human consumption, while koi carp, is a farmed colored sub species of common carp used for ornamental purposes. Since 1998, both common carp and koi carp are severely affected by a viral disease called as Koi herpes virus disease (KHVD). This disease is caused by Koi herpes virus (KHV), also known as cyprinid herpes virus-3. The virus causes interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis in carps, so it is also termed as carp interstitial nephritis and gill necrosis virus. KHV is a double stranded icosahedral DNA virus belonging to family Alloherpesviridae, with a genome size of 295 kbp, larger than any member of Herpesviridae. The viral genome encodes 156 potential protein coding open reading frames. Each virion consists of forty structural proteins, which are classified as capsid (3), envelope (13), tegument (2) and unclassified (22) structural proteins. Diagnosis of KHVD is mainly based on detection of viral DNA by polymerase chain reaction amplification using specific primers or loop mediated isothermal amplification. Temperature dependent latent infection is unique to KHV; and carrier fish are often not detected, thereby possibly resulting in spread of this pathogen to newer areas. The disease is now known to occur in, or has been recorded from at least 26 different countries of the world. Fortunately, KHVD has not been reported from India or from Indian major carps. To monitor the disease status of the country, a total of 254 fish samples collected from different parts of India were screened by PCR for the presence of KHV. None of the tested samples were found to be positive for KHV. These results demonstrate that tested samples from different parts of India were apparently free from KHV. Preliminary risk assessment of KHV suggest that in the event of unrestricted importation of koi carps into our country, there is a higher probability of risk to aquaculture as compared to natural waters. So there is strong need to develop diagnostic capabilities and launch surveillance programmes for KHV in India.

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“…The second genotyping method targets three genomic regions including enlarged 9/5, enlarged SphI5 and enlarged thymidine kinase gene regions (Kurita et al, 2009). Compared with the first method, the advantage of this genotyping approach is that the enlarged sequences differ in ten variable areas among different CyHV-3 lineages and enable the classification in a more detailed manner.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Compared with the first method, the advantage of this genotyping approach is that the enlarged sequences differ in ten variable areas among different CyHV-3 lineages and enable the classification in a more detailed manner. Therefore, based on these variations, the CyHV-3 can be divided into two Asian variants (A1 and A2) and seven European genotypes (E1 to E7) (Kurita et al, 2009).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…In general, the first and second genotyping methods (Bigarré et al, 2009;Kurita et al, 2009) are preferentially chosen due to their simplicity for targeting 2 or 3 variable regions (Bigarré et al, 2009;Kurita et al, 2009;Sunarto et al, 2011;Kim and Kwon, 2013). To further improve the efficiency of duplex PCR for marker I/II, we optimized the approach with a newly designed nested-PCR.…”

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confidence: 99%

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First Report of Occurrences of Two Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Variants, I++ II− and I++ II+Δ, in China

Liu

Hao

et al. 2016

Fish Pathol.

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Molecular Epidemiology of Koi Herpesvirus

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture

First Report of Occurrences of Two Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Variants, I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>−</sup> and I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>+Δ</sup>, in China

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Molecular Epidemiology of Koi Herpesvirus

Cited by 59 publications

References 20 publications

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Detection of novel strains of cyprinid herpesvirus closely related to koi herpesvirus

Koi Herpes Virus: A Review and Risk Assessment of Indian Aquaculture

First Report of Occurrences of Two Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Variants, I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>&minus;</sup> and I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>+&Delta;</sup>, in China

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First Report of Occurrences of Two Cyprinid Herpesvirus 3 Variants, I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>−</sup> and I<sup>++</sup> II<sup>+Δ</sup>, in China