Respiratory disease and increased mortality occurred in minks on two farms in the Netherlands, with interstitial pneumonia and SARS-CoV-2 RNA in organ and swab samples. On both farms, at least one worker had coronavirus disease-associated symptoms before the outbreak. Variations in mink-derived viral genomes showed between-mink transmission and no infection link between the farms. Inhalable dust contained viral RNA, indicating possible exposure of workers. One worker is assumed to have attracted the virus from mink.

Eel herpesvirus or anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1) frequently causes disease in freshwater eels. The complete genome sequence of AngHV1 and its taxonomic position within the family Alloherpesviridae were determined. Shotgun sequencing revealed a 249 kbp genome including an 11 kbp terminal direct repeat that contains 7 of the 136 predicted protein-coding open reading frames. Twelve of these genes are conserved among other members of the family Alloherpesviridae and another 28 genes have clear homologues in cyprinid herpesvirus 3. Phylogenetic analyses based on amino acid sequences of five conserved genes, including the ATPase subunit of the terminase, confirm the position of AngHV1 within the family Alloherpesviridae, where it is most closely related to the cyprinid herpesviruses. Our analyses support a recent proposal to subdivide the family Alloherpesviridae into two sister clades, one containing AngHV1 and the cyprinid herpesviruses and the other containing Ictalurid herpesvirus 1 and the ranid herpesviruses.One of the commonly observed and economically most relevant viruses in wild and cultured freshwater eels of the genus Anguilla is anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV1) (Haenen et al., 2002;van Ginneken et al., 2004), also known as eel herpesvirus and herpesvirus anguillae (Sano et al., 1990). Other formerly used names include eel herpesvirus in Formosa (Ueno et al., 1992(Ueno et al., , 1996, gill herpesvirus of eel (Lee et al., 1999) and European eel herpesvirus (Chang et al., 2002). AngHV1 was first isolated from cultured European eels (Anguilla anguilla) and Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) in Japan in 1985(Sano et al., 1990. Several herpesviral disease outbreaks in Japanese eels (Kobayashi & Miyazaki, 1997;Lee et al., 1999;Ueno et al., 1992) and European eels (Chang et al., 2002; Davidse et al., 1999;Haenen et al., 2002;Jakob et al., 2009;van Ginneken et al., 2004) have since been reported. Serological, molecular and sequence data indicated that the Asian and European eel herpesvirus isolates can be considered as a single virus species (Chang et al., 2002;Rijsewijk et al., 2005; Waltzek et al., 2009). Clinical and pathological findings of the infection vary among and within outbreaks but characteristically include haemorrhages in skin, fins, gills and liver, and a significantly increased mortality (Chang et al., 2002; Davidse et al., 1999;Haenen et al., 2002;Kobayashi & Miyazaki, 1997;Sano et al., 1990;Ueno et al., 1992;van Ginneken et al., 2004).Herpesviruses are large and complex linear double-stranded DNA viruses with a distinctive morphology . Accordingly, AngHV1 virions consist of a core, an icosahedral nucleocapsid made up of hollow capsomers (T516) with a diameter of about 110 nm, a proteinaceous tegument, and a host-derived envelope with a diameter of about 200 nm containing virus-encoded glycoproteins (Davidse et al., 1999;Sano et al., 1990). At the genome sequence level, only a single gene, encoding the putative ATPase subunit of the terminase (hereafter terminase), is convincingly conserved amo...

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ABSTRACT-Three regions of koi herpesvirus (KHV) genomic DNA were compared for 34 samples from Japan, six from Indonesia, two from Taiwan, one from the Philippines, 13 from the Netherlands, one from the UK, one from the USA and one from Israel. The analyzed genomic regions included known PCRdetection targets (SphI-5, 9/5 and the thymidine kinase gene). The KHVs from Asian countries were very homogeneous, although two variants were noted based on a single nucleotide polymorphism. In contrast, seven variants were found in KHVs from outside of Asia, and although closely related to one another, they were clearly distinct from those from Asian. The results suggest that a clear genetic distinction exists between Asian and European (including each single isolate from the USA and Israel) types of KHV, and that unique types of KHV were independently introduced or emerged in the respective geographic locations.

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