Fingerprints and age models for widespread New Zealand tephra marker beds erupted since 30,000 years ago: a framework for NZ-INTIMATE

Lowe, David J.; Shane, Phil; Alloway, Brent V.; Newnham, Rewi M.

doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.01.013

Cited by 220 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 239 publications

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“…The tephras were identified by a combination of ferromagnesian mineralogy and electron microprobe analysis of glass shards, and compared with standards for tephras previously recognised in the area (e.g., Wilmshurst et al 1999;Berryman et al 2000, in press;eden et al 2001;marden et al 2008b). Quoted tephra ages in the text and on the trench logs are from Lowe et al (2008). Tephras identified and their ages are also listed in Table 1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holocene rupture of the Repongaere fault, Gisborne: Implications for Raukumara Peninsula deformation and impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System

Berryman

Marden

Palmer

et al. 2009

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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The Repongaere Fault is one of a series of active normal faults within the Raukumara Peninsula, eastern North island, New Zealand. These faults appear to form in response to rapid uplift of the Raukumara Range and related extensional strain. however, the activity of these normal faults is poorly constrained. This paper presents new mapping of the active surface trace of the Repongaere Fault, c. 18 km northwest of Gisborne, and the results of two paleoseismic trenches. These results are then used to assess the seismic hazard posed by this fault and impacts on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System in which the fault is situated. active traces can be mapped for c. 4.5 km, but we infer the surface rupture length to be at least 9 km. Tephras within the trenches constrain the timing of the most recent surface rupture event to have occurred during deposition of the Waimihia Tephra (c. 3400 cal. yr BP), and at least one event in the period c. 13 800-5470 cal. yr BP, with single-event displacements of ≥0.4-1.1 m. From these data a mean dip-slip rate of c. 0.1 mm/yr and a maximum recurrence interval of 4490-6900 yr, can be calculated. if the Repongaere Fault is representative of other Raukumara Peninsula normal faults, then this relatively low rate of activity supports the interpretation that these faults are not contributing significantly to the deformation of the Raukumara Peninsula. The low rate of activity is also consistent with the very localised evidence for landscape impacts, a calculated moderate M w of 6.3-6.7, and the fault's location within the lower part of the Waipaoa River catchment. Together, these observations suggest that Repongaere Fault earthquakes have minimal, localised impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Holocene rupture of the Repongaere fault, Gisborne: Implications for Raukumara Peninsula deformation and impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System

Berryman

Marden

Palmer

et al. 2009

New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics

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“…Such widespread deposits thus provide useful isochronous markers over thousands of square kilometres and are widely used in palaeo-climate studies (e.g. Allen et al, 1999;Lowe et al, 2008). Correlation of these distal deposits is aided by their deposition far from active volcanic sources, where volcaniclastic grains are a rare grain-type and where deposition via airfall may be the only plausible origin of volcaniclastic material (e.g.…”

Section: Rationale and Aimsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Cassidy

Watt

Palmer

et al. 2014

Earth-Science Reviews

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Detailed knowledge of the past history of an active volcano is crucial for the prediction of the timing, frequency and style of future eruptions, and for the identification of potentially at-risk areas. Subaerial volcanic stratigraphies are often incomplete, due to a lack of exposure, or burial and erosion from subsequent eruptions. However, many volcanic eruptions produce widelydispersed explosive products that are frequently deposited as tephra layers in the sea. Cores of marine sediment therefore have the potential to provide more complete volcanic stratigraphies, at least for explosive eruptions. Nevertheless, problems such as bioturbation and dispersal by currents affect the preservation and subsequent detection of marine tephra deposits.Consequently, cryptotephras, in which tephra grains are not sufficiently concentrated to form layers that are visible to the naked eye, may be the only record of many explosive eruptions.Additionally, thin, reworked deposits of volcanic clasts transported by floods and landslides, or during pyroclastic density currents may be incorrectly interpreted as tephra fallout layers, leading to the construction of inaccurate records of volcanism. This work uses samples from the volcanic island of Montserrat as a case study to test different techniques for generating volcanic eruption records from marine sediment cores, with a particular relevance to cores sampled in relatively proximal settings (i.e. tens of kilometres from the volcanic source) where volcaniclastic material may form a pervasive component of the sedimentary sequence. Visible volcaniclastic deposits identified by sedimentological logging were used to test the effectiveness of potential alternative volcaniclastic-deposit detection techniques, including point counting of grain types (component analysis), glass or mineral chemistry, colour spectrophotometry, grain size measurements, XRF core scanning, magnetic susceptibility and X-radiography. This study demonstrates that a set of time-efficient, non-destructive and high-spatial-resolution analyses (e.g. XRF core-scanning and magnetic susceptibility) can be used effectively to detect potential cryptotephra horizons in marine sediment cores. Once these horizons have been sampled, microscope image analysis of volcaniclastic grains can be used successfully to discriminate between tephra fallout deposits and other volcaniclastic deposits, by using specific criteria Page | 3 related to clast morphology and sorting. Standard practice should be employed when analysing marine sediment cores to accurately identify both visible tephra and cryptotephra deposits, and to distinguish fallout deposits from other volcaniclastic deposits.

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“…B.P) is the radiocarbon date with before present (B.P. 1950) taken from Lowe et al (2008). Inferred sedimentation rate shows the rate of sediment accumulation between the tephra and the next overlying dated tephra.…”

Section: Sampling Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…BP), Taupo (1717 ± 13 cal. BP), Kaharoa (c. AD 1314 ± 12) and the Tarawera eruption (AD 1886) (Balance, 1981;Newnham et al, 1998;Hogg et al, 2003;Lowe et al, 2008)) assuming constant sedimentation rates between eruption events. Tephra layers recorded as "reworked" were not included in the age model as they are inferred to be caused by the reworking of coarse-grained tephra in shallower water, with these sediments deposited in the deeper lake basin during large storm events (c. 1300, 520 and 220 cal years B.P) (Pickett, 2008).…”

Section: Preindustrial Leadmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural and anthropogenic lead in sediments of the Rotorua lakes, New Zealand

Pearson

Hendy

Hamilton

et al. 2010

Earth and Planetary Science Letters

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Global atmospheric sources of lead have increased more than 100-fold over the past century as a result of deforestation, coal combustion, ore smelting and leaded petroleum. Lead compounds generally accumulate in depositional areas across the globe where, due to low solubility and relative freedom from microbial degradation, the history of their inputs is preserved. In lakes there is rapid deposition and often little bioturbation of lead, resulting in an excellent depositional history of changes in both natural and anthropogenic sources. The objective of this study was to use sediments from a regionally bounded set of lakes to provide an indication of the rates of environmental inputs of lead whilst taking into account differences of trophic state and lead exposure between lakes. Intact sediment gravity cores were collected from 13 Rotorua lakes in North Island of New Zealand between March 2006 and January 2007. Cores penetrated sediments to a depth of 16-30 cm and contained volcanic tephra from the 1886 AD Tarawera eruption. The upper depth of the Tarawera tephra enabled prescription of a date for the associated depth in the core (120 years). Each core showed a sub-surface peak in lead concentration above the Tarawera tephra which was contemporaneous with the peak use of lead alkyl as a petroleum additive in New Zealand. An 8 m piston core was taken in the largest of the lakes, Lake Rotorua, in March 2007. The lake is antipodal to the pre-industrial sources of atmospheric lead but still shows increasing lead concentrations from < 2 up to 3.5 µg g -1 between the Whakatane eruption (5530 ± 60 cal. yr BP) and the Tarawera eruption. Peaks in lead concentration in Lake Rotorua are associated with volcanic tephras, but are small compared with those arising from recent anthropogenic-derived lead deposition. Our results show that diagenetic processes associated with iron, manganese and sulfate 2 oxidation-reduction, and sulfide precipitation, act to smooth distributions of lead from anthropogenic sources in the lake sediments. The extent of this smoothing can be related to changes in sulfate availability and reduction in sulfide driven by differences in trophic status amongst the lakes. Greatest lead mobilisation occurs in mesotrophic lakes during seasonal anoxia as iron and manganese are released to the porewater, allowing upward migration of lead towards the sediment-water interface. This lead mobilisation can only occur if sulfides are not present. The sub-surface peak in lead concentrations in lake sediments ascribed to lead alkyl in petroleum persists despite the diagenetic processes acting to disperse lead within the sediments and into the overlying water.

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Fingerprints and age models for widespread New Zealand tephra marker beds erupted since 30,000 years ago: a framework for NZ-INTIMATE

Cited by 220 publications

References 239 publications

Holocene rupture of the Repongaere fault, Gisborne: Implications for Raukumara Peninsula deformation and impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System

Holocene rupture of the Repongaere fault, Gisborne: Implications for Raukumara Peninsula deformation and impact on the Waipaoa Sedimentary System

Construction of volcanic records from marine sediment cores: A review and case study (Montserrat, West Indies)

Natural and anthropogenic lead in sediments of the Rotorua lakes, New Zealand

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