A stratigraphy and chronology of andesitic tephras erupted from Mt Ruapehu, and other volcanoes of Tongariro Volcanic Centre, is constructed from the tephra record preserved on the southeastern Mt Ruapehu ring plain. Here, tephras of late Quaternary age (c. 22,500 years B.P. to present) are found interbedded with local laharic and fluvial deposits, and with distal rhyolitic tephras from Taupo and Okataina Volcanic Centres. Tephras are identified from their field characteristics and stratigraphic positions relative to dated rhyolitic tephra marker beds. The radiocarbon ages of these rhyolitic tephras provide a chronology for the andesitic tephras, dating back to 22,500 years B.P. All tephras erupted from Tongariro Volcanic Centre are grouped into two subgroups: the Tongariro Subgroup (redefined) and the newly defined Tukino Subgroup. Tephras identified on the southeastern Mt Ruapehu ring plain are grouped into seven formations on the basis of lithology: Ngauruhoe Formation [dated c.
Biodynamic farming practices and systems show promise in mitigating some of the detrimental effects of chemical-dependent, conventional agriculture on the environment. The physical, biological, and chemical soil properties and economic profitability of adjacent, commercial biodynamic and conventional farms (16 total) in New Zealand were compared. The biodynamic farms in the study had better soil quality than the neighboring conventional farms and were just as financially viable on a per hectare basis.
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