FINDIET 2007 Survey: energy and nutrient intakes

Objective: To characterize energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil and to describe the top food items contributing to energy and macronutrient intakes. Design: Two non-consecutive 24 h dietary records were collected and energy and macronutrient data were adjusted for usual intake distribution. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA with the Bonferroni post hoc test were analysed using SAS version 9·1. Means and standard deviations were estimated for sex, age and income strata. Setting: Nationwide cross-sectional survey, [2008][2009]. Subjects: Nationally representative sample of individuals ≥10 years old (n 32 749), excluding pregnant and lactating women (n 1254). Results: The average energy intake was 7958 kJ/d (1902 kcal/d) and mean energy density was 6·82 kJ/g (1·63 kcal/g). Added sugar represented 13 % of total energy intake and animal protein represented 10 %. The mean contribution of total fat to energy intake was 27 %, while the mean saturated fat contribution was 9 %. Compared with the lowest quartile of income, individuals in the highest income quartile had greater mean intakes of energy, added sugar, alcohol, animal protein, total fat, saturated fat, monounsaturated fat and trans fat. Rice, beans, beef, bread and coffee were among the top five foods contributing most to the intakes of energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat and fibre. Conclusions: In general, Brazilians' dietary intake is compatible with a high risk of obesity and non-communicable chronic diseases, being characterized by high intakes of added sugar and saturated fat. Income may be a major determinant of diet nutritional characteristics. Keywords Food consumption Dietary survey Food records Energy intakeSimilar to many other countries, the dietary patterns in Brazil have changed rapidly and drastically in recent decades. These changes are characterized by the increased intake of processed foods and consequently of saturated fats and simple sugars. The excessive consumption of these foods has been linked to the development of excessive weight gain and to an increased risk CVD(1) as obesity is a leading risk factor for many adverse health outcomes including dyslipidaemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, CVD and certain types of cancer (2) . In 2007, 72 % of deaths in Brazil were attributed to non-communicable diseases, especially stroke, CVD and cancer (3) . Additionally, the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Brazil has increased steadily since 1974 in both females and males, as well as across all income quintiles. In the 35 years elapsed from 1974-1975 to 2008-2009, the prevalence of overweight in adults almost tripled among males (18·5 % to 50·1 %) and almost doubled among females (from 28·7 % to 48·0 %). In the same period, the prevalence of obesity more than quadrupled among males (from 2·8 % to 12·4 %) and doubled among females (from 8·0 % to 16·9 %) (4) . Despite the importance of diet in the development of these diseases, which are among the main causes of mortality in Brazil (3) , and the accelerated progression of overweigh...

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Energy and macronutrient intakes in Brazil: results of the first nationwide individual dietary survey

Souza

Yokoo

Sichieri

et al. 2015

“…Vitamin D was chosen since its intake is known to be too low in Finland (26,27) . Furthermore, folate and Fe were included since the Finnish population, especially women at childbearing age, have too low intakes.…”

Section: Diet Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Baltic Sea Diet Score: a tool for assessing healthy eating in Nordic countries

Kanerva

Kaartinen

Schwab

et al. 2013

113

Objective: The health-related effects of the Nordic diet remain mostly unidentified. We created a Baltic Sea Diet Score (BSDS) for epidemiological research to indicate adherence to a healthy Nordic diet. We examined associations between the score and nutrient intakes that are considered important in promoting public health. We also examined the performance of the BSDS under two different cut-off strategies. Design: The cross-sectional study included two phases of the National FINRISK 2007 Study. Diet was assessed using a validated FFQ. Food and nutrient intakes were calculated using in-house software. Nine components were selected for the score. Each component was scored according to both sex-specific consumption quartiles (BSDS-Q) and medians (BSDS-M), and summed to give the final score values. Setting: A large representative sample of the Finnish population. Subjects: Men (n 2217) and women (n 2493) aged 25 to 74 years. Results: In the age-and energy-adjusted model, adherence to the diet was associated with a higher intake of carbohydrates (E%), and lower intakes of SFA (E%) and alcohol (E%, where E% is percentage of total energy intake; P , 0?01). Furthermore, the intakes of fibre, Fe, vitamins A, C and D, and folate were higher among participants who adhered to the diet (P , 0?05). After further adjustments, the results remained significant (P , 0?05) and did not differ remarkably between BSDS-Q and BSDS-M. Conclusions: The BSDS can be used as a measure of a healthy Nordic diet to assess diet-health relationships in public health surveys in Nordic countries.

“…Furthermore, trained interviewers were able to increase the accuracy and reliability of the gathered information by asking targeted questions. In the two latest surveys, the 48 h recall method was used with additional 3-6 d estimated food record data collected in a subsample to enable habitual nutrient intake estimations and intake distribution modelling (20,21) . Thus, the changes in the dietary methods should be taken into account when the trends of food consumption and nutrient intake are interpreted.…”

Section: The National Dietary Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 5 shows favourable trends especially in total fat and saturated fat intake (E%) in Finland during the last decades based on the FINDIET survey data, which correspond to the trends of food balance sheet data on milk fat consumption. The main results of the recent FINDIET 2007 survey are described in detail elsewhere in this issue (21) . The future challenges for dietary surveys include keeping the participation rates in dietary surveys at acceptable levels and controlling under/over-reporting of diet.…”

Section: The National Dietary Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring diet and diet-related chronic disease risk factors in Finland

Männistö

Laatikainen

Helakorpi

et al. 2010

Self Cite

Health and dietary monitoring has a long history in Finland. The aim of this review is to summarise the main sources of Finnish dietary information including food balance sheets, household budget survey data, questionnaires related to dietary behaviour and risk factors of main chronic diseases as well as dietary surveys. According to these sources, dietary behaviour and food choices have changed considerably during the last decades. For example, the total fat intake (E%) has decreased remarkably from nearly 40 % in the late 1960s to close to 30 % in 2007. Furthermore, the type of fat consumed has changed noticeably due to the increased popularity of oil used in cooking and the large variety of softer spreads available. There has also been a notable decrease in intake of salt, and a multiple increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables since the 1970s. The future challenges of dietary monitoring include keeping the participation rates in dietary surveys at acceptable levels, controlling under/over-reporting of diet, developing a national monitoring system for children and adapting to international changes and requirements to harmonise dietary monitoring in Europe.