Field biomass as global energy source

Hakala, Kaija; Kontturi, Markku; Pahkala, Katri

doi:10.23986/afsci.5950

Cited by 53 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…[27] estimated the global technical potential of field residues in 2050 at 38–41 EJ/yr. Adding the process residue potential of 16 EJ/yr [11], the total technical potential of crops residues would be 54–57 EJ/yr.…”

Section: Crop Residues Animal Manures and Municipal Solid Wastesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints

Haberl¹,

Beringer²,

Bhattacharya³

et al. 2010

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

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Section: Crop Residues Animal Manures and Municipal Solid Wastesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints

Haberl¹,

Beringer²,

Bhattacharya³

et al. 2010

Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability

240

150

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Other literature studies on the generation of agricultural residues are, in general, in reasonable agreement with these estimates . A higher estimate of agricultural residues, 5.4 Gt year −1 , was also reported; however, this study used harvest indices rather than residue to product ratios and this tends to give higher estimates …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of the potential production of methane and chemicals using anaerobic digestion

Dionisi

Bolaji

Nabbanda

et al. 2018

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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The aim of this paper is to calculate the amount of energy or chemicals that can be produced using anaerobic digestion (AD). Five feedstocks were considered: the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW); cattle, pig and poultry manure; energy crops; agricultural residues, and sewage sludge. Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids were assumed to be the biodegradable components of the feedstocks. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) was assumed as a basis for the calculations of the production of methane and other chemicals. Methane production was calculated assuming that AD converts the biodegradable COD to methane with a yield of 80% COD/COD. The potential production of chemicals, i.e. acetic, propionic, butyric, and lactic acids, ethanol, and hydrogen, was calculated assuming conversion yields of carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids from the literature. Globally, with the assumptions made in this study, the AD of the feedstocks considered here can potentially satisfy 17–20% of the total energy consumption and 33–39% of the electrical energy requirements. Potentially, AD can generate organic acids at rates that are hundreds or thousands of times their current production rates. Ethanol and hydrogen can be produced by AD at rates that are up to 2–3 times their current production rate. This paper also discusses the main challenges that must be overcome to achieve the potential of AD. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

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“…The Finnish researchers K. Hakala, M. Kontturi and K. Pahkala (2009) [16] claim that the capacity of yield is affected by the local climatic conditions. The LLU researchers A.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of sulphur content in different energy crops

Poiša¹,

Bumane²,

Čubars³

et al. 2017

Engineering for Rural Development

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Abstract. Within the territory of Latvia, grass biomass currently is considered to be one of the alternative sources for pellet production in the Baltic region and Northern Europe. The examined energy crops are characteristic with the persistence to the local climatic conditions and high biomass yield from 1 ha. The field trial was carried out during 2011-2013 in the research and study farm "Pēterlauki" (56º53'N, 23º71'E) of the Latvia University of Agriculture, in sod calcareous soils pH KCl 6.7, containing available for plants P -52 mg·kg -1 , K -128 mg·kg -1 , organic matter content 21 to 25 g·kg -1 in the soil. The field test fertiliser norms applied were the following (kg ha -1 ): N 0 P 0 K 0 (control), P 2 O 5 -80, K 2 0 -120 (F -background), F + N 30 , F + N 60 , F+N 90 . Research objects: reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.), festulolium (× Festulolium Asch. & Graebn.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and timothy (Phleum pratense L.) are perennials yielding for 8 -10 years, plant length up to 1.5 m. The sulphur content in the energy crops was 0.10 ± 0.01 %. The sulphur content in reed canary grass, festulolium, tall fescue and timothy was dependent (p < 0.005) on the growing year and the nitrogen fertilizer rate, and on the interaction between the growing year and nitrogen additional fertiliser contribution amount. That means that the air temperature and the amount of precipitation during the plant growth period are of great importance.Keywords: sulphur content, grass pellets sulphur content. IntroductionSulphur (S), just like chlorine, composes mainly gaseous SO2 and alkali and alkaline earth sulphates, which promotes corrosion of heating boiler elements [1] and contributes to emissions of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, the ratio of sulphur in herbaceous biomass usually is 0.1-0.2 %.However, the researchers I. Obernberger, T. Brunner, G. Bärnthaler (2006) showed that 40-70 % of sulphur found in the biomass fuel turned into ashes and the rest -into gas (aerosols and SO 2 ). The researchers also note that the concentration of S, which is higher than 0.1 % (dry matter), may cause corrosion problems, like too high levels of Cl. It has been found that the S ratio, which exceeds 0.2 % (dry matter), can lead to the emissions of SO x .The highest sulphur concentration is in straw. Cl and S in biomass are in the form of organic particles, but for the most part as the inorganic salts. Most of these substances are released during the combustion of carbon [2; 3]. The emissions of NO x and SO x , which are nitrogen or sulphur compounds, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions or acidification. There is almost no sulphur in wood (0.02-0.06 %). The sulphur content in peat is 0.1-0.4 %, S in Latvian peat is 0.3 %, if the ash content is 5 %, and S is 0.5 %, if the ash content in peat is 10 %. The sulphur content in biomass is insignificant -from 0.02 % to 2 % [4]. Increased amount of sulphur in fuel contributes to the emission of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere.Sulphur oxides are a result of fu...

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Field biomass as global energy source

Cited by 53 publications

References 48 publications

The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints

The global technical potential of bio-energy in 2050 considering sustainability constraints

Calculation of the potential production of methane and chemicals using anaerobic digestion

Evaluation of sulphur content in different energy crops

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