Fenpropathrin induces testicular damage, apoptosis, and genomic DNA damage in adult rats: Protective role of camel milk

Camel Milk Mitigates Cyclosporine-Induced Renal Damage in Rats: Targeting p38/ERK/JNK MAPKs, NF-κB, and Matrix Metalloproteinases

“…The dose of cyclosporine and the experimental regimen was based on former studies that demonstrated the marked cyclosporine nephrotoxicity and robust renal inflammation [ 1 , 2 , 19 , 20 ]. Camel milk dose is consistent with former studies that demonstrated the 10 mL/kg dose as an effective dose against several models of inflammation in rats [ 10 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Likewise, the dose of quercetin has been reported as an effective dose against renal inflammation [ 21 ].…”

“…In this regard, camel milk is low in lactose, cholesterol, and β-lactoglobulin/β-casein [ 15 ]. Moreover, it possesses a unique insulin-like activity which saves 30–35% of insulin dose in patients with diabetes mellitus [ 16 ]. Furthermore, the rich content of lactoperoxidase and nanoantibodies has advocated its immune-modulatory, antibacterial, and antiviral features [ 15 ].…”

Inhibition of oxidative stress and apoptosis by camel milk mitigates cyclosporine‐induced nephrotoxicity: Targeting Nrf2/HO‐1 and AKT/eNOS/NO pathways

“…In this context, diverse antioxidant agents—such as erdosteine, schisandrin, apocynin, and spirulina—have been characterized as effective interventions against CsA‐evoked nephrotoxicity in rodents, a notion that coincides with the present study findings (Wu et al., 2018). The plausible mechanism by which camel milk counteracts CsA‐triggered pro‐apoptotic events is the antioxidant/radical scavenging features of camel milk which lower ROS levels; the main triggers that provoke apoptotic cell death (Abd‐Elhakim et al., 2020; Havasi & Borkan, 2011; Mohamed et al., 2019). Additionally, the attenuation of the renal apoptosis can be, at least in part, indirectly driven by the activation of AKT/eNOS/NO pathway (Havasi & Borkan, 2011; C. Liu et al., 2020).…”

“…Evolving evidence has confirmed the marked antioxidant features of CM in several experimental models, where it augments the glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and total antioxidant capacity (Arab et al, 2018a,b). Virtually, CM is rich in vitamins C and A as well as potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, zinc, and iron (Mohamed et al., 2019). CM possesses superior quality relative to the cow milk thanks to its lower lactose and cholesterol content, alongside the lack of lactose intolerance‐instigating agents, β‐casein and β‐lactoglobulin (Abd‐Elhakim et al., 2020).…”

“…Additionally, CM contains multiple bioactive proteins, such as nanoantibodies and lactoperoxidase enzyme which mediate its remarkable antiviral/antibacterial and immune‐modulatory actions. Furthermore, CM has demonstrated insulin‐like activity which has been reported to save 30%–35% of the required dose of insulin for diabetic patients (Mohamed et al., 2019). Interestingly, CM has demonstrated favorable actions in the clinical and experimental setting against diabetes mellitus, wound healing (Ebaid et al., 2015), rheumatoid arthritis (Arab et al., 2017), steatohepatitis (Korish & Arafah, 2013), and diabetes mellitus‐ and toxicant‐induced renal pathologies (Arab et al, 2018a,b; Ayoub et al., 2018).…”