Fecal Streptococci. II. Quantification of Streptococci in Feces

Kenner, Bernard A.; Clark, Harold F.; Kabler, Paul W.

doi:10.2105/ajph.50.10.1553

Cited by 59 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…S. bovis can occasionally occur in large numbers in human faeces in association with large-bowel disease (Parker & Ball 1976;Sneath et al 1986). Kenner et al (1960) and Geldreich & Kenner (1969) reported combined percentages of 5. bovis and S. equinus ranging from 18.9% for pigs to 66.2% for cattle with the remaining population in animals appearing to be mainly enterococci. Medrek & Barnes (1962) found that S. bovis was the predominant species in most cattle and sheep.…”

Section: Species Compositionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The faecal coliform to faecal streptococci (FC : FS) ratio is > 4 (Geldreich & Kenner 1969). Enterococci predominate in human faecal streptococci populations (Cooper & Ramadan 1955;Kenner et al 1960;Mead 1965). In animal faeces, particularly those of cattle, the predominant faecal streptococci are members of the S. bovis-equinus group, which outnumber the faecal coliforms to give a FC : FS ratio of < 0.7 (Kjellander 1960;Raibaud et al 1961).…”

Section: Faecal Coliform : Faecal Streptococci (Fc : Fs) Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the value ofS.faecalis: S.faecium ratios as a differentiation method is very doubtful. Kenner et al (1961) pointed out that isolation techniques may not be equally selective for streptococcal populations in different environments. Wheater et al (1979) noted that geographic and dietary differences may also affect species distributions and pointed out that sorbitol-fermenting types of 5. bovis are readily recoverable.…”

Section: Species Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Sinton

Donnison²,

Hastie

1993

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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Some New Zealand regional councils are examining the use of faecal streptococci (or the subset, enterococci) to assist in identifying pollution sources, or as better indicators of disease risk in bathing waters than faecal coliforms. However, in spite of worldwide investigation, faecal streptococci have largely failed to fulfil their potential as pollution source (human versus animal) indicators in receiving waters. Many qualifications accompany the use of faecal coliform : faecal streptococci (FC : FS) ratios, and the species identification approach (using biochemical and DNA-based methods) has produced inconclusive results. Nevertheless, the FC : FS shift method (in which the ratio changes under sample storage) may M92025 Received 6 May 1992 ; accepted 18 January 1993 warrant further investigation. Although reported results vary widely, most studies indicate that faecal streptococci outlive faecal coliforms in receiving waters and are more resistant to sunlight-induced inactivation. USEPA epidemiological studies showed that enterococcus concentrations were better correlated than faecal conform concentrations with disease risk associated with bathing in sewage-polluted waters. These results, which implied that the enterococci better represented viral hazard, led the USEPA to recommend the use of enterococci (or Escherichia coli in freshwaters) as bathing water quality indicators. These recommendations have largely been followed in provisional New Zealand Department of Health guidelines. However, adoption of the USEPA criteria should be approached cautiously, because of doubts about their epidemiological applicability in New Zealand, and a lack of information about streptococcal concentrations and species profiles in local effluents and receiving waters.

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Section: Species Compositionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Faecal Coliform : Faecal Streptococci (Fc : Fs) Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Sinton

Donnison²,

Hastie

1993

New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research

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“…Live microorganisms reduce TTC by enzymatic action (10), originating formazan which is kept inside granules in the cells, which become red (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One of the first applications of TTC was to verify the germination capacity of seeds (2). Since then, many other applications were reported, including the use of TTC in microbiology (4,10,12,17,23). Huddleson and Baltzer (7) observed that colonies of different microbial species or varieties of the same specie may develop several shades of red when plated in medium with TTC.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) non-reducing bacteria in pasteurized milk

et al. 1999

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2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) is a dye largely used for enumeration of microbial colonies in solid culture media, being a key component of the dry rehydratable film system used for microbiological analysis of food. This dye is colorless in the oxidized form and red when reduced by microorganisms, due to formation of formazan. In this study, TTC was added to Plate Count Agar (PCA) for enumeration of microorganisms in thirty four pasteurized milk samples, with the aim to verify the frequency of microorganisms that are unable to reduce TTC. Milk samples were decimally diluted in saline and pour-plated in PCA plus 0.015% TTC. Colonies were counted after 24h and 48 h of incubation at 35 o C. From a total of 50,574 colonies, 19,665 (38.88%) did not reduce TTC in 48h. It was observed that 571 (6.36%) colonies that were colorless in 24h became red in 48h. From those that didn t reduce TTC in 48h, 233 were purified and Gram stained. 229 (98.71%) of them were Gram positive cocci and bacilli. The results show that there is a high percentage of microorganisms unable to reduce TTC in pasteurized milk, which cannot be detected by laboratory procedures based on the formation of red colonies.

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Alternatives to Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Human Impact on Coastal Ecosystems

Frischer

Verity

Springer Series on Evironmental Management

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Fecal Streptococci. II. Quantification of Streptococci in Feces

Cited by 59 publications

References 3 publications

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Faecal streptococci as faecal pollution indicators: A review. Part II: Sanitary significance, survival, and use

Frequency of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) non-reducing bacteria in pasteurized milk

Alternatives to Coliform Bacteria as Indicators of Human Impact on Coastal Ecosystems

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