Factors Influencing Microbiota in Modulating Vaccine Immune Response: A Long Way to Go

Ponziani, Francesca Romana; Coppola, Gaetano; Rio, Pierluigi; Caldarelli, Mario; Borriello, Raffaele; Gambassi, Giovanni; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Cianci, Rossella

doi:10.3390/vaccines11101609

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“… 45–47 It has also been shown that having malnutrition as well as polioseronegativity may cause additional burden to the individual and lead to worse functional outcomes. 48 , 49 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction Model with Validation for Polioseronegativity in Malnourished Children from Poliomyelitis Transmission High-Risk Area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Mwamba,

Kabamba,

Hoff

et al. 2023

POR

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Background Malnutrition is identified as a risk factor for insufficient polio seroconversion in the context of a vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) outbreak-prone region. In the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), underweight decreased from 31% (in 2001) to 26% (in 2018). Since 2004, VDPV serotype 2 outbreaks (cVDPV2) have been documented and were geographically limited around the Haut-Lomami and Tanganyika Provinces. Methods To develop and validate a predictive model for poliomyelitis vaccine response in malnourished infants, a cross-sectional household study was carried out in the Haut-Lomami and Tanganyika provinces. Healthy children aged 6 to 59 months (n=968) were enrolled from eight health zones (HZ) out of 27, in March 2018. We performed a bivariate and multivariate logistics analysis. Final models were selected using a stepwise Wald method, and variables were selected based on the criterion p < 0.05. The association between nutritional variables, explaining polio seronegativity for the three serotypes, was assessed using the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC curve). Results Factors significantly associated with seronegativity to the three polio serotypes were underweight, non-administration of vitamin A, and the age group of 12 to 59 months. The sensitivity was 10.5%, and its specificity was 96.4% while the positive predictive values (PPV) and negative (PNV) were 62.7% and 65.3%, respectively. We found a convergence of the curves of the initial sample and two split samples. Based on the comparison of the overlapping confidence intervals of the ROC curve, we concluded that our prediction model is valid. Conclusion This study proposed the first tool which variables are easy to collect by any health worker in charge of vaccination or in charge of nutrition. It will bring on top, the collaboration between the Immunization and the Nutritional programs in DRC integration policy, and its replicability in other low- and middle-income countries with endemic poliovirus.

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“… 45–47 It has also been shown that having malnutrition as well as polioseronegativity may cause additional burden to the individual and lead to worse functional outcomes. 48 , 49 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prediction Model with Validation for Polioseronegativity in Malnourished Children from Poliomyelitis Transmission High-Risk Area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Mwamba,

Kabamba,

Hoff

et al. 2023

POR

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“…Understanding the immunological interplay between sex, vaccines, and microbiota could make the latter a potential target of novel approaches to improve vaccine immunogenicity [ 119 ]. In the future, bioengineering approaches targeting the GM in a sex-specific manner may increase the immune responses to vaccines.…”

Section: Gut Microbiota Gender and Vaccinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccines: A Gender Perspective

Rio,

Caldarelli,

Chiantore

et al. 2024

Cells

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The development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines has played a crucial role in preventing infections and treating chronic and non-communicable diseases, respectively. For a long time, the influence of sex differences on modifying health and disease has not been addressed in clinical and preclinical studies. The interaction of genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal factors plays a role in the sex-related differences in the epidemiology of diseases, clinical manifestations, and the response to treatment. Moreover, sex is one of the leading factors influencing the gut microbiota composition, which could further explain the different predisposition to diseases in men and women. In the same way, differences between sexes occur also in the immune response to vaccines. This narrative review aims to highlight these differences, focusing on the immune response to vaccines. Comparative data about immune responses, vaccine effectiveness, and side effects are reviewed. Hence, the intricate interplay between sex, immunity, and the gut microbiota will be discussed for its potential role in the response to vaccination. Embracing a sex-oriented perspective in research may improve the efficacy of the immune response and allow the design of tailored vaccine schedules.

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“…Considering the great impact of gut-liver axis dysfunction in cirrhosis on the immune response, a role in the immunization process appears to be intuitive. Indeed, emerging evidence underscores the potential role of microbiota imbalance in modulating the efficacy of vaccination responses [161]. However, whether these alterations lead to impaired immunization in patients with cirrhosis remains unclear, and further investigations are needed.…”

Section: Vaccination Response and Gut-liver Axis In Cirrhosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota

Airola,

Andaloro,

Gasbarrini

et al. 2024

Vaccines

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Vaccines prevent a significant number of deaths annually. However, certain populations do not respond adequately to vaccination due to impaired immune systems. Cirrhosis, a condition marked by a profound disruption of immunity, impairs the normal immunization process. Critical vaccines for cirrhotic patients, such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcal, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), often elicit suboptimal responses in these individuals. The humoral response, essential for immunization, is less effective in cirrhosis due to a decline in B memory cells and an increase in plasma blasts, which interfere with the creation of a long-lasting response to antigen vaccination. Additionally, some T cell subtypes exhibit reduced activation in cirrhosis. Nonetheless, the persistence of memory T cell activity, while not preventing infections, may help to attenuate the severity of diseases in these patients. Alongside that, the impairment of innate immunity, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs), prevents the normal priming of adaptive immunity, interrupting the immunization process at its onset. Furthermore, cirrhosis disrupts the gut–liver axis balance, causing dysbiosis, reduced production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), increased intestinal permeability, and bacterial translocation. Undermining the physiological activity of the immune system, these alterations could impact the vaccine response. Enhancing the understanding of the molecular and cellular factors contributing to impaired vaccination responses in cirrhotic patients is crucial for improving vaccine efficacy in this population and developing better prevention strategies.

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Factors Influencing Microbiota in Modulating Vaccine Immune Response: A Long Way to Go

Cited by 6 publications

References 149 publications

Prediction Model with Validation for Polioseronegativity in Malnourished Children from Poliomyelitis Transmission High-Risk Area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Prediction Model with Validation for Polioseronegativity in Malnourished Children from Poliomyelitis Transmission High-Risk Area of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)

Immune Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccines: A Gender Perspective

Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota

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