Vaccine Responses in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis: From the Immune System to the Gut Microbiota
Carlo Airola,
Silvia Andaloro,
Antonio Gasbarrini
et al.
Abstract:Vaccines prevent a significant number of deaths annually. However, certain populations do not respond adequately to vaccination due to impaired immune systems. Cirrhosis, a condition marked by a profound disruption of immunity, impairs the normal immunization process. Critical vaccines for cirrhotic patients, such as the hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), influenza, pneumococcal, and coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), often elicit suboptimal responses in these individuals. The humoral response, … Show more
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