Immune Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccines: A Gender Perspective

Rio, Pierluigi; Caldarelli, Mario; Chiantore, Monica; Ocarino, Francesca; Candelli, Marcello; Gasbarrini, Antonio; Gambassi, Giovanni; Cianci, Rossella

doi:10.3390/cells13060526

Cited by 4 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 216 publications

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“…Gut microbial diversity changes throughout the human lifespan and this phenomenon is recognized to be sex-linked [155]. Sex is an important factor influencing the gut microbiota, as the microbial composition and diversity differ between males and females from birth [156].…”

Section: Brain-gut Microbiota Axis and Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Caldarelli,

Rio,

Marrone

et al. 2024

IJMS

Self Cite

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In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the concept of the “gut–brain axis”. In addition to well-studied diseases associated with an imbalance in gut microbiota, such as cancer, chronic inflammation, and cardiovascular diseases, research is now exploring the potential role of gut microbial dysbiosis in the onset and development of brain-related diseases. When the function of the intestinal barrier is altered by dysbiosis, the aberrant immune system response interacts with the nervous system, leading to a state of “neuroinflammation”. The gut microbiota–brain axis is mediated by inflammatory and immunological mechanisms, neurotransmitters, and neuroendocrine pathways. This narrative review aims to illustrate the molecular basis of neuroinflammation and elaborate on the concept of the gut–brain axis by virtue of analyzing the various metabolites produced by the gut microbiome and how they might impact the nervous system. Additionally, the current review will highlight how sex influences these molecular mechanisms. In fact, sex hormones impact the brain–gut microbiota axis at different levels, such as the central nervous system, the enteric nervous one, and enteroendocrine cells. A deeper understanding of the gut–brain axis in human health and disease is crucial to guide diagnoses, treatments, and preventive interventions.

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Section: Brain-gut Microbiota Axis and Sex Differencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Caldarelli,

Rio,

Marrone

et al. 2024

IJMS

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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Pollutants, microbiota and immune system: frenemies within the gut

Rio,

Gasbarrini,

Gambassi

et al. 2024

Front. Public Health

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Pollution is a critical concern of modern society for its heterogeneous effects on human health, despite a widespread lack of awareness. Environmental pollutants promote several pathologies through different molecular mechanisms. Pollutants can affect the immune system and related pathways, perturbing its regulation and triggering pro-inflammatory responses. The exposure to several pollutants also leads to alterations in gut microbiota with a decreasing abundance of beneficial microbes, such as short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria, and an overgrowth of pro-inflammatory species. The subsequent intestinal barrier dysfunction, together with oxidative stress and increased inflammatory responses, plays a role in the pathogenesis of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. Moreover, pollutants encourage the inflammation-dysplasia-carcinoma sequence through various mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, dysregulation of cellular signalling pathways, cell cycle impairment and genomic instability. In this narrative review, we will describe the interplay between pollutants, gut microbiota, and the immune system, focusing on their relationship with inflammatory bowel diseases and colorectal cancer. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying the health-to-disease transition may allow the design of public health policies aimed at reducing the burden of disease related to pollutants.

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Inflammaging: The Next Challenge—Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota, Environmental Factors, and Sex Differences

Caldarelli,

Rio,

Marrone

et al. 2024

Biomedicines

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The term ‘inflammaging’ has been coined to describe the chronic state of inflammation derived from ongoing cycles of tissue damage and the subsequent immune responses. This inflammatory status contributes to the decline of organs and physiological functions, accelerates the aging process, and increases the risk of age-related illnesses and death. During aging, the gut microbiota (GM) undergoes significant changes, including a decreased diversity of species, a decline in beneficial bacteria, and a rise in proinflammatory ones, resulting in persistent low-grade inflammation. Moreover, environmental factors, such as diet and medications, contribute to age-related changes in GM and immune function, preventing or promoting inflammaging. This narrative review aims to clarify the underlying mechanisms of inflammaging and to specifically investigate the influence of GM and several environmental factors on these mechanisms, while also exploring potential differences related to sex. Moreover, lifestyle and pharmacological interventions will be suggested to promote healthy aging.

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Immune Cells, Gut Microbiota, and Vaccines: A Gender Perspective

Cited by 4 publications

References 216 publications

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Gut–Brain Axis: Focus on Sex Differences in Neuroinflammation

Pollutants, microbiota and immune system: frenemies within the gut

Inflammaging: The Next Challenge—Exploring the Role of Gut Microbiota, Environmental Factors, and Sex Differences

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