Factors Affecting Vitamin D Status in Infants

Fink, C.L.; Peters, Rachel L.; Koplin, Jennifer J.; Brown, Justin; Allen, Katrina J.

doi:10.3390/children6010007

Cited by 23 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(100 reference statements)

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“…Our study ascertains exclusive breastfeeding and poor sunlight exposure as etiological factors for vitamin D deficiency. Likewise, the neonatal age group, low socioeconomic status, and maternal vitamin D deficiency were major independent determinants for Vitamin D deficiency in infants, as reported in previous studies [23,24].…”

Section: Clinical Features and Morbiditiessupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Infants in Northern India: A Hospital Based Prospective Study

Chacham

Rajput

Gurnurkar

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Background: Vitamin D deficiency is one of the major nutritional deficiencies and an important contributor to nutritional and growth failure in infants, especially in those with low socioeconomic status. Aim: The primary objective of this study was to determine the proportion of vitamin D deficiency in infants, and the secondary objective was to assess the correlation between infant and maternal vitamin D levels. Methods: This prospective, observational study was carried out at a tertiary care center, All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India, in the Department of Pediatrics from January 2017 to December 2018. Children aged less than one year and their mothers were enrolled in the study. All the infants attending the Department of Pediatrics for well-child visits and sick-child visits were enrolled after obtaining written, informed consent. Infants with major congenital malformations and liver and kidney dysfunction were excluded. Serum vitamin D level of <20 ng/mL was defined as vitamin D deficiency. Results: A total of 200 infants and 200 mothers were enrolled in the study. Among the study infants, 80% were neonates, and 20% were infants beyond the neonatal period. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 74% in infants and 85.5% in mothers. Nearly half of the infants and mothers had severe vitamin D deficiency. Logistic regression analysis showed a positive correlation between maternal and infant vitamin D levels (r=0.074, p<0.001) and also with neonatal age group and low socioeconomic status. Hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia were predominant biochemical manifestations. Conclusion: The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the study infants was 74%. Neonatal age group, lower socioeconomic status, and maternal vitamin D deficiency were major determinants of vitamin D deficiency in infants.

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Section: Clinical Features and Morbiditiessupporting

confidence: 80%

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Infants in Northern India: A Hospital Based Prospective Study

Chacham

Rajput

Gurnurkar

et al. 2020

Cureus

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“…Given there is no clear evidence on the potential of gene-by-sex interaction, the presenting of gender differences in the risk of vitamin D insufficiency may not be due to the gender itself, but, instead, could be influenced by other related factors. Given the international guidelines for infants under 6 months of age to stay away from direct sun exposure [ 43 ], some parents may limit sunlight exposure for their infants. Some may even apply sun cream on their infants for sunlight protection, which could further reduce vitamin D synthesis, up to 95%, through skin [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Assessment of Risk Factors for Insufficient Levels of Vitamin D during Early Infancy

et al. 2021

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Recent evidence suggests that breastfeeding may increase the risk of vitamin D deficiency in offspring. However, it is unclear whether increased risk results from breastfeeding alone, or whether it is associated together with other risk factors. This study surveyed 208 infant–mother dyads recruited by stratified random sampling in different districts of Hong Kong. Mothers were asked to complete a questionnaire on their demographics, history of risk behavior, and feeding practices. Peripheral blood samples were collected from infants to determine their vitamin D status. Among all infant participants, 70 were vitamin D insufficient or deficient. Being breastfed, being a girl, having a multiparous mother, and the use of sun cream were found to be the strongest risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency during infancy (all p < 0.05), after mutual adjustment. The cumulative risk model displayed a dose–response pattern between the number of risk factors and the risk of vitamin D insufficiency during this period. Our findings indicate the risk profile of infants with insufficient vitamin D. Guidelines and recommendations on healthy diet and lifestyle should be provided to mothers during the early stage of pregnancy to increase the likelihood of adequate levels of vitamin D in their offspring.

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“…We found lower serum vitamin D levels in children hospitalized in winter-spring. Previous studies on the correlation between seasonality and vitamin D levels in children below two years of age have shown conflicting results [ 16 ]. The current study results are in agreement with a previous study on 353 New Zealand infants aged ≤2 years, showing an increased risk of vitamin D deficiency associated with measurement in winter or spring (RR = 7.24, 95% CI 1.55, 23.58) [ 17 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personal and Environmental Risk Factors at Birth and Hospital Admission: Direct and Vitamin D-Mediated Effects on Bronchiolitis Hospitalization in Italian Children

Zaffanello

Ferrante

Fasola

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Seasonal variations in UV-B radiation may influence vitamin D status, and this, in turn, may influence the risk of bronchiolitis hospitalization. The aim of this study was using a causal inference approach to investigate, simultaneously, the interrelationships between personal and environmental risk factors at birth/hospital admission (RFBH), serum vitamin D levels and bronchiolitis hospitalization. A total of 63 children (<2 years old) hospitalized for bronchiolitis (34 RSV-positive) and 63 controls were consecutively enrolled (2014–2016). Vitamin D levels and some RFBH (birth season, birth weight, gestational age, gender, age, weight, hospitalization season) were recorded. The discovered RFBH effects on the risk ok bronchiolitis hospitalization were decomposed into direct and vitamin-D mediated ones through Mediation Analysis. Winter-spring season (vs. summer-autumn) was significantly associated with lower vitamin D levels (mean difference −11.14 nmol/L). Increasing serum vitamin D levels were significantly associated with a lower risk of bronchiolitis hospitalization (OR = 0.84 for a 10-nmol/L increase). Winter-spring season and gestational age (one-week increase) were significantly and directly associated with bronchiolitis hospitalization (OR = 6.37 and OR = 0.78 respectively), while vitamin D-mediated effects were negligible (1.21 and 1.02 respectively). Using a comprehensive causal approach may enhance the understanding of the complex interrelationships among RFBH, vitamin D and bronchiolitis hospitalization.

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Factors Affecting Vitamin D Status in Infants

Cited by 23 publications

References 66 publications

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Infants in Northern India: A Hospital Based Prospective Study

Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Among Infants in Northern India: A Hospital Based Prospective Study

An Assessment of Risk Factors for Insufficient Levels of Vitamin D during Early Infancy

Personal and Environmental Risk Factors at Birth and Hospital Admission: Direct and Vitamin D-Mediated Effects on Bronchiolitis Hospitalization in Italian Children

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