Factors affecting the transfer of organochlorine pesticide residues to breastmilk

Harris, Caroline; Woolridge, Mike; Hay, Alastair

doi:10.1016/s0045-6535(00)00149-1

Cited by 100 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…These results could suggest that lactation is a route of excretion, as there are studies that indicate the transfer of organochlorine residues to breastmilk (Harris et al, 2001;Waliszewski et al, 1999b), or suggest that there are other gender differences in storage and metabolism (Ahlborg et al, 1995).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal

Cruz

Lino

Silveira

2003

Science of The Total Environment

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Organochlorine pesticide residues were measured in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal, in an attempt to evaluate the contamination level of Portuguese population. Serum levels of 12 residues were determined using a validated methodology that included gas chromatography-electron-capture detection. It was made an attempt to point out the differences of contamination between rural and urban populations; and among these, if it could be established a relation with sex and with age of individuals. p,p9DDE, a-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), p,p9DDD, and b-HCH were the most frequently identified residues. p,p9DDE concentrations ranged from undetected to 390.5 mgyl in urban samples, and from undetected to 43.5 mgyl and to 171.2 mgyl in both rural samples. Maximum a-HCH concentration level was 114.4 mgyl in urban samples, 261.3 and 45.5 mgyl in both rural samples. Mean total DDT levels were always higher than mean total HCH levels. About p,p9DDE, in all three populations, the majority of the results above the limit of quantification were found among female sex. The analysis of different aged groups showed that younger groups continue to reveal contamination. Comparing obtained results with others from Europe, Asia and America, it was observed that Portugal is between the highest levels of contamination. ᮊ

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal

Cruz

Lino

Silveira

2003

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Maternal characteristics include the degree of maternal exposure, physiology of the mother and maternal age and parity (number of pregnancies). 7,14 Chemical characteristics refer to aspects of the compound that affect its ability to be taken up in milk, such as the lipid solubility, degree of ionization, molecular weight, and ability to bind to maternal blood and/or milk components. 15 Environmental chemicals can be absorbed into the bloodstream by three routes: ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact.…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Pollutant Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, in the case of sudden weight loss, these chemicals can be released back into circulation, allowing them to be taken up into the fat of the mammary gland. 14 Analyzing chemicals found in the plasma of US women, Laden et al 20 determined that the most important predictors of dichlorodiphenylchloroethane (DDE), the major DDT metabolite, and PCBs were age and total cholesterol levels. Previous studies have consistently observed a positive correlation between age and blood levels of DDE and PCBs.…”

Section: Breastfeeding and Pollutant Pharmacokineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human Breast Milk and Xenoestrogen Exposure: A Possible Impact on Human Health

et al. 2004

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“…First-born infants receive much higher levels of DDT in breast milk than their sibs (Harris et al, 2001;Bouwman et al, 2006). Recently however, the differences in pollutant levels and effects between male and female infants received attention (Ribas-Fitó et al, 2006;Jusko et al, 2006;Grimalt et al, 2010;Jackson et al, 2010;Gascon et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

Bouwman

Kylin

Sereda

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

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We investigated presence and levels of DDT in 163 breast milk samples from four South African villages where, in three of them, malaria is controlled with DDT sprayed indoors. Mean ΣDDT levels in breast milk were 18, 11, and 9.5 mg/kg mf (milk fat) from the three DDT-sprayed villages, respectively, including the highest ΣDDT level ever reported for breast milk from South Africa (140 mg/kg mf). Understanding the causes for these differences would be informative for exposure reduction intervention. The Provisional Tolerable Daily Intake (PTDI) for DDT by infants, and the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL) were significantly exceeded. DDT had no effect on duration of lactation. There were indications (not significant) from DDT-sprayed villages that first-born female infants drink milk with more ΣDDT than first-born male infants, and vice versa for multipara male and female infants, suggesting gender involvement on levels of DDT in breast milk -requiring further investigation.

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Factors affecting the transfer of organochlorine pesticide residues to breastmilk

Cited by 100 publications

References 36 publications

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal

Evaluation of organochlorine pesticide residues in human serum from an urban and two rural populations in Portugal

Human Breast Milk and Xenoestrogen Exposure: A Possible Impact on Human Health

High levels of DDT in breast milk: Intake, risk, lactation duration, and involvement of gender

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