Human Breast Milk and Xenoestrogen Exposure: A Possible Impact on Human Health

Massart, Francesco; Harrell, J. Chuck; Federico, Giovanni; Saggese, Giuseppe

doi:10.1038/sj.jp.7211251

Cited by 58 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Organochlorines that accumulate in the human body are excreted through breast milk [35,36]. After around 1950, offspring consuming breast milk might have been exposed to a health risk through the estrogenic or antiestrogenic effects of organochlorines [12].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

Minami

Nishino

Kawai

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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Although having been breastfed is not related to overall risk, birth year may modify the association between having been breastfed in infancy and breast cancer risk. In Japan, sociodemographic changes have occurred since the end of World War II. The use of standard formula supplement began to spread around 1950. The difference of breast cancer risk between birth-year groups may be attributable to these environmental changes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

Minami

Nishino

Kawai

et al. 2011

Cancer Causes Control

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“…Industrial compounds such thyroid disruptors are now ubiquitous, persistent environmental contaminants routinely found in samples of human and animal tissues (Boas et al, 2006;Massart et al, 2005;Zoeller et al, 2002). Their potency to disrupt TH pathways has been demonstrated in both in vitro and in vivo studies, in which they have been shown to typically evoke reductions in TH levels (Massart & Meucci, 2007;Zoeller, 2005).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Animals fats and breastfeeding are the most important human dietary sources (Kavlock et al, 1996). Several biomonitoring studies have detected many environmental pollutants in adults, children, pregnant women and in the fetal compartments (Massart et al, 2005;Takser et al, 2005). Adverse effects induced by these compounds are due to their potentially toxic effects on physiological processes, particularly through direct interaction with nuclear receptors or affecting hormone metabolism (Moriyama et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental Thyroid Disruptors and Human Endocrine Health

Massart¹,

Ferrara²,

Saggese³

2012

A New Look at Hypothyroidism

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“…Once ingested, these compounds are either directly excreted or absorbed and eventually broken down into other compounds with estrogenic activity [11]. The levels of exposure to these substances are quite variable essentially depending on the type of diet: elevated levels are observed in infants fed with a soy based nutriments in their first months of life [12-14]. …”

Section: Phytoestrogensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Combating Malaria with Plant Molecules: A Brief Update

Negi¹,

Gupta²,

Hamid

2013

CMC

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Observations on the role of ovarian hormones in breast cancer growth, as well as interest in contraception, stimulated research into the biology of estrogens. The identification of the classical receptors ERα and ERβ and the transmembrane receptor GPER and the resolution of the structure of the ligand bound to its receptor established the principal molecular mechanisms of estrogen action. The presence of estrogen-like compounds in many plants used in traditional medicine or ingested as food ingredients, phytoestrogens, as well as the estrogenic activities of many industrial pollutants and pesticides, xenoestrogens, have prompted investigations into their role in human health. Phyto- and xenoestrogens bind to the estrogen receptors with a lower affinity than the endogenous estrogens and can compete or substitute the hormone. Xenoestrogens, which accumulate in the body throughout life, are believed to increase breast cancer risk, especially in cases of prenatal and prepuberal exposure whereas the role of phytoestrogens is still a matter of debate. At present, the application of phytoestrogens appears to be limited to the treatment of post-menopausal symptoms in women where the production of endogenous estrogens has ceased. In this review we discuss chemistry, structure and classification, estrogen signaling and the consequences of the interactions of estrogens, phytoestrogens and xenoestrogens with their receptors, the complex interactions of endogenous and exogenous ligands, the evaluation of the health risks related to xenoestrogens, and the perspectives toward the synthesis of potent third generation selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs).

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Human Breast Milk and Xenoestrogen Exposure: A Possible Impact on Human Health

Cited by 58 publications

References 29 publications

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

Being breastfed in infancy and adult breast cancer risk among Japanese women

Environmental Thyroid Disruptors and Human Endocrine Health

Combating Malaria with Plant Molecules: A Brief Update

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