Factors Affecting the Activities of Microbicides

Maillard, Jean‐Yves

doi:10.1002/9781118425831.ch3

Cited by 11 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 201 publications

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“…However, it is important to consider that the ability to eradicate different classes of microorganisms presented by each biocide does not solely depend on the type of active substance(s) present. As described by Maillard [16,17], the different factors that can affect biocide efficiency can be divided into three main groups: (i) factors related to the biocide itself, such as concentration, pH, and formulation; (ii) factors related to the environment to which the biocide is applied and how it is applied, such as temperature, presence of organic matter and contact time; and (iii) factors related to the target microorganisms, usually associated with resistance mechanisms such as alterations in biocide penetration (associated with differences in cell wall constitution), the presence of efflux pumps or biofilm formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Biocide Used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

et al. 2021

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Hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) are a rising problem worldwide, and the best way of coping with them is through infection tracking and surveillance systems, combined with prevention strategies, namely efficient disinfection protocols, that employ various biocides. However, increasing reports about reductions in biocide susceptibility and the development of cross-resistance to antimicrobials emphasize the need for identifying the factors influencing biocide efficiency. In this study, 29 bacterial isolates (n = 3 E. coli, n = 2 Pseudomonas spp., n = 23 Enterococcus spp., and n = 1 Staphylococcus pseudintermedius), obtained from environmental samples collected from the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit (BICU), of the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, were tested in order to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to various antibiotics. Thirteen of these isolates were further selected in order to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility to Virkon™ S, with and without the presence of organic matter. Afterward, seven of these isolates were incubated in the presence of sub-lethal concentrations of this formulation and, subsequently, new susceptibility profiles were determined. Fourteen of the 29 isolates (48.3%) were classified as multidrug resistant, all previously identified as enterococci. Concerning Virkon™ S’s susceptibility, the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of this biocide regarding all isolates was at least eight times lower than the concentration regularly used, when no organic matter was present. However, when organic matter was added, MBC values rose up to 23 times. After exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of Virkon™ S, four enterococci presented a phenotypical change regarding antimicrobial susceptibility towards gentamicin. Virkon™ S also resulted in higher MBC values, up to 1.5 times, in the presence of low concentrations of organic matter, but no rise in these values was observed in assays without interfering substance. Virkon™ S seemed to be an efficient formulation in eliminating all bacteria isolates isolated from the BICU. However, organic matter could represent a hindrance to this ability, which emphasizes the importance of sanitization before disinfection procedures. The changes seen in antimicrobial susceptibility could be explained by a general stress-induced response promoted by the sub-lethal levels of Virkon™ S. Additionally, when no organic matter was present, a decrease in susceptibility to this biocide seemed to be non-existent.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a Biocide Used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

et al. 2021

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“…As a result, cosmetic production requires disinfection steps in the production chain before and during the manufacture/conditioning stages. In this disinfection process, two parameters, concentration and contact time of preservative, play a key role, for example in case of methylisothiazolinone–chloromethylisothiazolinone (MIT‐CMIT) (Maillard ; Maillard et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). A drawback regarding the usage of these preservatives is the possibility to generate cross‐insusceptibility to other disinfectants or preservatives among the microflora (Maillard ; Maillard et al . ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enterobacter gergoviae membrane modifications are involved in the adaptive response to preservatives used in cosmetic industry

2014

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“…2009). Nonetheless, it is relevant to note that decreasing the environmental temperature can result in a decrease in biocide efficacy (Maillard 2013). Chaturongkasumrit et al .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nyati et al . (2012) has shown that sodium hypochlorite’s activity can be negatively influenced by high levels of organic matter, and indeed soiling has been shown to impact the efficacy of a range of biocidal agents (Maillard 2013). There are concerns regarding the use of phenolic‐based compounds due to the risk of taint and environmental safety (O’Neill et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the efficacy of mushroom industry biocides on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm

et al. 2020

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Aims The aim of this study was to test the efficacy of new and currently used biocides in the mushroom industry for inactivating Listeria monocytogenes biofilm. Methods and results A laboratory‐scale study was initially carried out to test the efficacy of eleven biocidal products against a cocktail of five L. monocytogenes strains that were grown to 3‐day biofilms on stainless steel coupons. Biocidal efficacy was then tested under clean and dirty conditions based on the EN 13697:2015 method. The results for the biocides tested ranged between 1·7‐log and 6‐log reduction of biofilm, with only the efficacy of the sodium hypochlorite‐based biocide being significantly reduced in dirty conditions. A pilot‐scale trial was then carried out on a subset of biocides against L. monocytogenes on concrete floors in a mushroom growing room and it was found that biocide efficacy in laboratory‐scale did not translate well in pilot‐scale. Conclusions Biocides that are used in the mushroom industry and potential alternative biocides were determined to be effective against L. monocytogenes biofilm in both laboratory‐scale and pilot‐scale experiments. Significance and Impact of the Study This study has direct impact for the industry as it provides information on the efficacy of currently used biocides and other biocidal products against L. monocytogenes, an added benefit to their primary use.

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Factors Affecting the Activities of Microbicides

Cited by 11 publications

References 201 publications

Evaluation of a Biocide Used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Evaluation of a Biocide Used in the Biological Isolation and Containment Unit of a Veterinary Teaching Hospital

Enterobacter gergoviae membrane modifications are involved in the adaptive response to preservatives used in cosmetic industry

Examining the efficacy of mushroom industry biocides on Listeria monocytogenes biofilm

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