“…In addition, metal/Fe 3 O 4 composite NPs are particularly of interest because the metal surface can be easily functionalized with other small molecules, functional ligands, or biomolecules, − which could easily assemble multifunctional hybrid NSs for wide applications. In this regard, much attention has been focused on the development of efficient fabrication/synthesis approaches to produce shape-, size-, and composition-controlled Fe 3 O 4 NSs, especially porous and composite NSs. − Often composite Fe 3 O 4 NSs are mainly prepared via chemical synthesis processes, including coprecipitation, hydrothermal synthesis, thermal decomposition, sol–gel synthesis, sonochemical synthesis, microemulsion, electrochemical synthesis, electrospray synthesis, and bacterial and microorganism synthesis. , Complicated protocols and operations are required in these methods, while the shape, size, composition, etc., still cannot be precisely controlled due to the uncertainty in chemical reaction processes. Facile and versatile preparation methods of composite and porous Fe 3 O 4 NSs with desirable properties are in great demand.…”