Aqueous-phase Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles (NPs), with a size of 9.8 Ϯ 3.0 nm, are directly synthesized by a modified iron salt coprecipitation process, stabilized by the synergistic effect of a combination of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP), trisodium citrate (TSC), and maleic anhydride (MAH). These NPs show good aqueous-phase dispersion stability and excellent superparamagnetic properties with a saturation magnetization of 48.0 emu/g at a low magnetic field of 0.5 T. Their biocompatibility and metabolism for application in magnetic resonance reticuloendothelial system examinations are investigated by