Abstract:Skin pores (SP), as they are called by laymen, are common and benign features mostly located on the face (nose, cheeks, etc) that generate many aesthetic concerns or complaints. Despite the prevalence of skin pores, related literature is scarce. With the aim of describing the prevalence of skin pores and anatomic features among ethnic groups, a dermatoscopic instrument, using polarized lighting, coupled to a digital camera recorded the major features of skin pores (size, density, coverage) on the cheeks of 2,5… Show more
“…An additional benefit of the developed method was the small number of steps required for the production of the mimics, which resulted in reduced cost, time and experimental errors. Interferometry measurements further provided information on the mimics’ roughness (figure 1 c , d ) with the skin mimic exhibiting a roughness of 15.48 ± 0.33 µm, comparable to the average values of 10–30 µm reported in the literature [16,17,36,39]. Figure 1.A large area ( a ) and a zoomed-in ( b ) SEM micrograph of the PU4 biomimic showing the high-fidelity replication of the human skin with 3D topography and pore diameters.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The mean diameter of the pores i.e. of the openings of the stratum corneum connected to the sweat glands, can vary depending on various parameters such as age, ethnicity, sex and skin pore characteristics, typically exhibiting a range of diameters from 60 to 80 µm and a distribution of 200 pores cm −2 [36–38]. The SEM images (figure 1 a , b ) demonstrate high-replication accuracy of the fabricated skin mimics exhibiting three-dimensional topography and pore distribution, closely similar to human skin, i.e.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The SEM images (figure 1 a , b ) demonstrate high-replication accuracy of the fabricated skin mimics exhibiting three-dimensional topography and pore distribution, closely similar to human skin, i.e. 40–80 µm in diameter and a distribution of 200–300 cm −2 [36], thus outperforming the replication efforts previously found in the literature [14–17]. The high level of precision can be attributed to both the correct choice of materials and the fabrication process itself (see Material and methods).…”
Retention of hydrophobic active agents on human skin following the use of skin-care formulations is an important indication of the performance of the deposited product. We have developed a novel system which replicates the interaction between human skin and a cosmetic emulsion to systematically establish and characterize the key parameters driving the retention process at the interface. This included a comprehensive study of the skin's biology and physical properties which influenced the process, the fabrication of advanced, improved skin biomimics, the formulation of a cosmetic model-system emulsion, comprising a hydrophobic active agent i.e. petrolatum, commonly used in cosmetic products, the development of a dedicated and highly consistent deposition rig with a corresponding cleaning set-up and the systematic characterization of retention processes on the developed mimics. This study further explores the interplay of petrolatum with skin biomimics and studies the mechanisms that give rise to improved interfacial retention. Petrolatum has been found to create an occlusive layer on the skin mimic, displaying high coverage from emulsion formulations. The large particle size emulsions yielded improved retention on the developed skin biomimics due to the microstructure of the emulsion and the counter effect of the surfactant.
“…An additional benefit of the developed method was the small number of steps required for the production of the mimics, which resulted in reduced cost, time and experimental errors. Interferometry measurements further provided information on the mimics’ roughness (figure 1 c , d ) with the skin mimic exhibiting a roughness of 15.48 ± 0.33 µm, comparable to the average values of 10–30 µm reported in the literature [16,17,36,39]. Figure 1.A large area ( a ) and a zoomed-in ( b ) SEM micrograph of the PU4 biomimic showing the high-fidelity replication of the human skin with 3D topography and pore diameters.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 80%
“…The mean diameter of the pores i.e. of the openings of the stratum corneum connected to the sweat glands, can vary depending on various parameters such as age, ethnicity, sex and skin pore characteristics, typically exhibiting a range of diameters from 60 to 80 µm and a distribution of 200 pores cm −2 [36–38]. The SEM images (figure 1 a , b ) demonstrate high-replication accuracy of the fabricated skin mimics exhibiting three-dimensional topography and pore distribution, closely similar to human skin, i.e.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The SEM images (figure 1 a , b ) demonstrate high-replication accuracy of the fabricated skin mimics exhibiting three-dimensional topography and pore distribution, closely similar to human skin, i.e. 40–80 µm in diameter and a distribution of 200–300 cm −2 [36], thus outperforming the replication efforts previously found in the literature [14–17]. The high level of precision can be attributed to both the correct choice of materials and the fabrication process itself (see Material and methods).…”
Retention of hydrophobic active agents on human skin following the use of skin-care formulations is an important indication of the performance of the deposited product. We have developed a novel system which replicates the interaction between human skin and a cosmetic emulsion to systematically establish and characterize the key parameters driving the retention process at the interface. This included a comprehensive study of the skin's biology and physical properties which influenced the process, the fabrication of advanced, improved skin biomimics, the formulation of a cosmetic model-system emulsion, comprising a hydrophobic active agent i.e. petrolatum, commonly used in cosmetic products, the development of a dedicated and highly consistent deposition rig with a corresponding cleaning set-up and the systematic characterization of retention processes on the developed mimics. This study further explores the interplay of petrolatum with skin biomimics and studies the mechanisms that give rise to improved interfacial retention. Petrolatum has been found to create an occlusive layer on the skin mimic, displaying high coverage from emulsion formulations. The large particle size emulsions yielded improved retention on the developed skin biomimics due to the microstructure of the emulsion and the counter effect of the surfactant.
“…We observed Demodex mites more frequently in Black subjects, which may be related to the increased sebum secretion, altered sebum content and increased pore size in this ethnic group [33]. However, conflicting data regarding the association of pore size with sebum secretion and other factors such as age, gender, and sun exposure are reported in the literature [34]. Regarding our results, a possible modifying effect of a new climate (the study was performed in Munich, Germany) on the pore size of Asian and Black subjects remains to be investigated.…”
Background/Aims: Ethnic skin types are known to differ in their morphological and physiological features. Thus, treatment responses may vary among different races. We aimed to assess skin morphology of different ethnicities and to compare the effect of short-term moisturizer application using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM). Methods: Thirty healthy female subjects of European, Asian and Black ethnicity at 30–45 years of age were included in the study. OCT and RCM imaging was performed on the cheek to compare morphology. Following the 2-week application of a moisturizer cream (Sebamed® lotion) on one forearm, imaging was performed on both forearms to assess and compare treatment responses. Results: Epidermal thickness and morphology of pores varied between the three ethnic groups, with Black subjects displaying the thickest epidermis and largest skin pores. On the treated forearm, OCT measurements revealed a significantly thicker epidermis in all groups as compared to the untreated forearm. Width of skin folds on the treated forearm was measured by RCM to be significantly lower in all ethnic groups as compared to the untreated forearm. Conclusion: Different ethnic skin types showed variations in skin morphology and treatment response to short-term moisturizer application. OCT and RCM were useful methods for noninvasive, real-time, repeated assessment of ethnic skin.
“…Interestingly, a study conducted by Flament et al [23] with a larger sample of subjects (n = 2585 women) found individual pore surface on cheeks in the range of 0.06 to 0.16 mm 2 , which means on average 0.37 mm of diameter (i.e. 370 µm).…”
Abstract:Resveratrol is a natural substance that has been the target of many researchers over the years since it presents a variety of potential applications in the areas of cosmetics and medicine as a treatment for some diseases. Due to its high antioxidant capacity but low bioavailability, we evaluated the antiaging potential of resveratrol as a liotropic liquid crystal emulsion. Initially, we performed in vitro assays to quantify both the organoleptic characteristics and stability of the emulsion. Next, an in vivo trial was performed on the faces of 30 volunteers to determine the cream's cosmetic potential and to measure porphyrins, skin barrier function, skin pigmentation, expression lines, and porosity. The emulsion maintained its characteristics during the in vitro assays and, in the in vivo trial, it had some effect only on pore size in forehead, without any significant effects on the other parameters. We had 6 dropouts throughout the study, then the final number of volunteers was 24. Most volunteers did not show any changes in skin pigmentation throughout the study. Similarly, there was not any noticeable improvement on any other parameters evaluated. However, volunteers related a high level of satisfaction with the product.
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