“…Smart surfaces have attracted considerable interests because the surface chemistry and surface roughness play an important role in controlling surface wettability (Fang et al, 2010 ; Xu et al, 2013 ; Huang et al, 2017 ; Wei et al, 2017 ). Nowadays, the rapid development of responsive materials has enabled surface chemistry and surface roughness change to switch surface wettability through external stimuli (Xin et al, 2016 ; Wu et al, 2017 ; You et al, 2018 ; Salter and Booth, 2019 ; Zhang et al, 2019c ; Fu et al, 2020 ; Zou et al, 2020 ). Due to the reversible dynamic control capability, tremendous effects have been devoted to developing driving techniques (Yin et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2020 ; You et al, 2020 ) such as temperature, light, electric/magnetic fields, chemicals, and mechanical motion (Han et al, 2015a , b , 2016 ; Yong et al, 2015 ).…”