Fabrication of chitosan/collagen/hydroxyapatite scaffolds with encapsulated Cissus quadrangularis extract

Abstract

Here, we demonstrated the fabrication of a composite scaffold (chitosan [CS], collagen [Col], and hydroxyapatite [HA]) with the incorporation of encapsulated Cissus quadrangularis (CQ) extract for tissue engineering applications. First, the crude extract of CQ loaded nanoparticles were synthesized via double emulsion technique using polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as oil and aqueous phases, respectively. Both PCL (20, 40, and 80 mg/mL) and PVA (0.5%, 1%, and 3% w/v) concentrations were varied to determine the optimum concentrations for CQ-loaded nanoparticle preparation. The CQ-loaded PCL nanoparticles (CQ-PCL NPs), prepared with 20 mg/mL PCL and 0.5% (w/v) PVA, exhibited the smallest size of 334.22 ± 43.21 nm with 95.54 ± 1.49% encapsulation efficiency. Then, the CQ-PCL NPs were incorporated into the CS/Col/HA scaffolds. These scaffolds were also studied for their ultrastructure, pore sizes, chemical composition, compressive modulus, water swelling, weight loss, and biocompatibility. The results showed that the addition of CQ-PCL NPs into the scaffolds did not dramatically alter the ultrastructure and properties of the scaffolds, compared to CS/Col/HA scaffolds alone. However, incorporation of CQ-PCL NPs in the scaffolds improved the release profile of CQ by preventing the initial burst release and prolonging the release rate of CQ. In addition, the CQ-PCL NPs-loaded CS/Col/HA scaffolds supported the attachment and proliferation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblast cells.

Recent Advances in Biodegradable and Biocompatible Synthetic Polymers Used in Skin Wound Healing

“…Furthermore, the porous structure enables efficient oxygen and nutrient transport, maintaining a suitable microenvironment to promote wound healing [44]. However, the long processing time and uneven heat transfer during the freeze drying process might lead to heterogeneity of the fabricated scaffolds which is one of the drawbacks needed to be overcome for this technique [45].…”

Notoginsenoside R1 Promotes Migration, Adhesin, Spreading, and Osteogenic Differentiation of Human Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

“…In another study, grape seed, pomegranate peel, and jabuticaba peel extracts direct blend with scaffolds of nanohydroxyapatite and collagen showed potent anti-bacterial activity and offered a promising strategy to design novel biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration [ 60 ]. In addition, scaffolds containing herbal extracts, such as Cissus quadrangularis [ 61 ], kaempferol [ 62 ], aloe vera extract [ 63 ], and Elaeagnus Angustifolia extract [ 64 ], have shown a potential bone tissue regeneration ability. In addition, NGR1 significantly induces osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells in vitro [ 30 ].…”

The Natural and Commercial Sources of Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Composites for Biomedical Applications: A Review Study

“…The HA/Col composites had been prepared through different fabricated techniques and were used in many bone defects as biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. The composite have been incorporated by different sizes (Nano-size and micro-size) with many other materials such as calcium phosphate (CaP) [20], poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) [21], Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) [22], chitosan [23], and metals such as iron (Fe) [24], to develop the properties of the composites, which will possess high compatibility and bio-degradable properties for bone repair.…”

“…The previous studies have been reported to prepared the composites of HA/Col with natural polymers such as gelatine [25], cellulose [26], chitosan [27], chitin [28] and starch [29] as it shown in the table 2. Kaviani et al, [22], was reported to incorporate HA/Col with chitosan by using freezing method. The application of the composites was for cartilage tissue engineering.…”