Fabrication and biological evaluation of porous β-TCP bioceramics produced using digital light processing

Abstract

Beta-tricalcium phosphate ( β-TCP) refers to one ideal bone repair substance with good biocompatibility and osteogenicity. A digital light processing (DLP)-system used in this study creates bioceramic green part by stacking up layers of photocurable tricalcium phosphate-filled slurry with various β-TCP weight fractions. Results show that the sintering shrinkage is anisotropic and the shrinkage vertically reaches over that horizontally. The obtained porous β-TCP parts have both macroporous outer structure and microporous inner structure, the macropore size is 400–600 μm and the micropore size is 500–1500 nm. The mechanical tests show that the porous β-TCP bioceramic’s compressive strength reaches 16.53 MPa. The cell culture confirmed that the porous β-TCP bioceramic is capable of achieving the effective attaching, growing, and proliferating pertained to mouse osteoblast cells. This study identified considerable blood vessels and significant ectopic bone forming obviously based on the histologically-related assessment when implanting to rabbit femoral condyle deficiency for 3 months. Thus, under high bioactive property and osteoinductivity, and large precision and mechanical strength that can be adjusted, the DLP printed porous β-TCP ceramics is capable of being promising for special uses of bones repairing.

Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives

“…β-TCP was implanted into the rabbit skull, and new bone filling near the implant was observed by a histological section after 4 weeks for different pore sizes (Figure 5b). By optimizing the parameters of DLP, Xu et al 74 prepared β- TCP raw blanks with high accuracy. The implant was experimentally shown to promote osteoconduction, cell adhesion, extracellular organic deposition, nutrient and oxygen entry, and bolite release.…”

“…Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. c) Cell adhesion on the porous β-TCP implant after 3 days of culture. Histological sections of β-TCP implants cultured in mouse femur defects for 12 weeks were observed with a significant generation of new bone (in deep red) . Reproduced with permission from ref .…”

“…Histological sections of β-TCP implants cultured in mouse femur defects for 12 weeks were observed with a significant generation of new bone (in deep red) . Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 SAGE Publications.…”

“…Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 Elsevier B.V. Reproduced with permission from ref . Copyright 2021 SAGE Publications.…”

A review on the ceramic additive manufacturing technologies and availability of equipment and materials

“…The raw materials are costly because they depend on high-priced photosensitive materials [15]. Efforts have been made to reduce feedstock [200][201][202][203] Bone repair/tissue engineering Hydroxyapatite [204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216], TCP [217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224][225][226][227][228], Al 2 O 3 [229], biosilicate [230], baghdadite [231][232][233], wollastonite-diopside [234], Mgsubstituted wollastonite [235,236], hydroxyapatite+TCP [237][238][239][240][241][242], hydroxyapatite+akermanite [243], calcium phosphate+bioglass [54,…”