Additive Manufacturing of Bioceramic Implants for Restoration Bone Engineering: Technologies, Advances, and Future Perspectives

Abstract

Treating bone defects is highly challenging because they do not heal on their own inside the patients, so implants are needed to assist in the reconstruction of the bone. Bioceramic implants based on additive manufacturing (AM) are currently emerging as promising treatment options for restoration bone engineering. On the one hand, additively manufactured bioceramic implants have excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, which are suitable for bone regeneration. On the other hand, the designable structure and adjustable pores of additively manufactured bioceramic implants allow them to promote suitable cell growth and tissue climbing. Herein, this review unfolds to introduce several frequently employed AM technologies for bioceramic implants. After that, advances in commonly used additively manufactured bioceramic implants, including bioinert ceramic implants, bioactive ceramic implants, and bioceramic/organic composite implants, are categorized and summarized. Finally, the future perspectives of additively manufactured bioceramic implants, in terms of mechanical performance improvement, innovative structural design, biological property enhancement, and other functionalization approaches, are proposed and forecasted. This review is believed to provide some fundamental understanding and cutting-edge knowledge for the additive manufacturing of bioceramic implants for restoration bone engineering.

Recent trends in bone tissue engineering: a review of materials, methods, and structures

“…Instances of bioinert ceramics include alumina, zirconia, and titania, as well as diamond-like carbon, titanium nitride, zirconium nitride, and silicon nitride [98]. Outstanding mechanical strength and acceptable homogeneity similar to those of cancellous bones can be achieved at high ceramic contents [100]. However, the application of bioinert ceramics in the generation of feasible healthy tissues is restricted due to their pore dimensions (100-150 µm in diameter) [101].…”

Vitamin D3 Release from MgO Doped 3D Printed TCP Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration

“…30 With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing, the fields of medicine and biology have experienced a striking revolution. 31 3D-printed scaffolds can imitate the anatomy and chemistry of bone, allowing patient-specific therapy. 32 Micropores in 3Dprinted scaffolds facilitate transporting nutrients and oxygen that promote new bone growth.…”

“…Vitamin D3 also has angiogenic potential, which promotes blood vessel formation . With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) printing, the fields of medicine and biology have experienced a striking revolution . 3D-printed scaffolds can imitate the anatomy and chemistry of bone, allowing patient-specific therapy .…”

3D printing of cyanate ester resins with interpenetration networks for enhanced thermal and mechanical properties

“…Ink Extrusion also enables printing with a wide range of materials (polymer, ceramic, and metals) including multimaterials with control over internal structures 10,11 . The ability to print with a wide range of materials opens up possibilities for diverse applications, from biomedical implants 12,13 to advanced electronics and energy storage devices 14 and the scalability enables for both microscale components and large architectural structures 15 . Different 3D printed geometries have been successfully manufactured previously using Ink Extrusion technology with thermoplastics or UV‐curable resins 16–19 .…”