Eye Tracking to Understand User Differences in Visualization Processing with Highlighting Interventions

Static and dynamic eye movement metrics for students’ performance assessment

“…Static metrics such as fixation duration, fixation count or saccade length are measured from the observed data according to a temporal dimension. They are used to assess where visual attention is focused (Toker et al 2013). Fixation is when the eyes momentarily keep fixating a particular target for a certain duration.…”

“…Eye tracking is used in human-computer interaction to study usability issues (Eraslan et al 2015;Poole, 2005;Weill-Tessier et al 2016) and in visualization tasks to provide effective user-adaptive systems (Jaques et al 2014;Lallé et al 2017;Toker & Conati, 2014). The development of computer-based adaptive systems in learning environments using eye tracking relies principally on the assessment of users' visual behaviour, users' visual pattern and users' learning.…”

NMR Spectra through the Eyes of a Student: Eye Tracking Applied to NMR Items

“…Eye tracking instruments can collect a plethora of information, mainly focusing on subtle details of eye movements and fixations, e.g., the location and duration when a person looks at the visual material. , By analysis of eye tracking data, information on the participant’s attention can be obtained, which has been shown to be related to his/her cognitive processes. − The duration and number of eye fixations on a specific location of a visual scene often imply the importance or complexity of the location considered by the participant, ,− while the sequence of fixations indicates the dynamic patterns of visualization and cognitive processing strategies. , Eye tracking seemed uniquely capable of observing various problem-solving strategies in action in a way that other methods like interviews or correct-answer correlations may not be able to capture. In the last two decades, eye tracking technologies have been applied in studies of visual attention and comprehension ,,− as well as problem solving. ,,− Researchers have found different eye movement patterns for experts compared with novices when they read and/or solve problems. ,,, More recently, eye tracking research has gained popularity in the natural sciences discipline-based research community. Physics education research (PER) has used eye tracking to study troubleshooting or problem solving of circuits, , troubleshooting of mechanical devices, how spatial ability affects understanding of kinetics graphs and motion problems, and students’ use of conceptual information when solving mechanics-related problems .…”

Modeling user behavior data in systems of engagement

“…User modeling by tracking eye to infer differences among users in processing visualized information is discussed in [28]. The need for adding dynamic information to the student model on top of static information such as age, gender, and previous exam results is discussed [29].…”