Eye-tracking technology, visual preference surveys, and urban design: preliminary evidence of an effective methodology

An Explorative Study on the Identification and Evaluation of Restorative Streetscape Elements

“…In recent years, this problem has been addressed by the advance of eye tracking technology which helps discover the relations between visual perception and specific environmental agencies by capturing the fixation points and movement tracks of eyes [38]~ [40] . It has widely evidenced that human's visual preference is closely related to the restorativeness of environment [11][31] [41] , and the fixation duration positively correlates to visual preference [42]~ [44] that inspires scholars to further use eye trackers in ART-based research. By capturing the movement track of fixation point and taking the fixation frequency to indicate the viewer's visual preference, the environmental elements related to restorativeness can be identified [11][31][41]~ [44] .…”

“…The questionnaire used in this study consisted of 2 parts: the first part adapted 15 questions of the original RCS that are 结果的准确性。近年来飞速发展的眼动追踪技术能够通过捕捉人眼球 的注视点和运动轨迹，有效地建立视觉感知与环境中特定媒介之间的 联系 [38]~ [40] ，为突破这一局限性提供了技术基础。学界已有充足证据表 明，人们对环境的视觉偏好与环境疗愈性密切相关 [11][31] [41] ，注视时长与 视觉偏好的正相关性 [42]~ [44] 则引导学者们进一步探索眼动仪在ART相关 研究中的应用。他们尝试运用眼动追踪技术捕捉疗愈性环境中人们注 视点的运动轨迹，以注视频次表征视觉偏好，由此发掘与疗愈性相关 的环境元素 [11][31][41]~ [44] 。例如，丽塔•博托等人发现疗愈性不同的环境会 引发不同的眼球运动模式 [41] ；此后又有研究在探寻小型城市公共空间中 与疗愈性相关的景观元素时，进一步证实了眼动仪所记录的高频注视 点与对应元素的疗愈性之间的关系 [45]…”

Visual engagement with urban street edges: insights using mobile eye-tracking

“…Marigold and Patla 2007;Bernardin et al, 2012;Vansteenkiste et al 2013). Within an urban design context, a static laboratory-based application of eye-movement tracking has recently been used to assess peoples' gaze distribution on photographs of urban settings in combination with surveying visual preference (Noland et al 2017). Significantly, this study demonstrated the utility of eyetracking to urban researchers and designers interested in assessing peoples' visual engagement with urban environmental stimuli.…”

Understanding Visual Engagement with Urban Street Edges along Non-Pedestrianised and Pedestrianised Streets Using Mobile Eye-Tracking

“…This data collection technique captures quantified information on gaze distribution, through tracking eye-movements, allowing a detailed understanding of specific influences on cognition and perception [29]. Recently, there have been a number of mobile eye-tracking studies in outdoor urban situations [14,21,30], as well as indoor eye-tracking studies that assess how people distribute their gaze upon images of urban settings [31][32][33]. This highlights a steady increase in the number of eye-tracking studies assessing how people visually engage with various urban stimuli.…”