The faster-is-slower effect (FIS), which means that crowd at a high enough velocity could significantly increase the evacuation time to escape through an exit, is an interesting phenomenon in pedestrian dynamics. Such phenomenon had been studied widely and has been experimentally verified in different systems of discrete particles flowing through a centre exit. To experimentally validate this phenomenon by using people under high pressure is difficult due to ethical issues. A mouse, similar to a human, is a kind of self-driven and soft body creature with competitive behaviour under stressed conditions. Therefore, mice are used to escape through an exit at a corner. A number of repeated tests are conducted and the average escape time per mouse at different levels of stimulus are analysed. The escape times do not increase obviously with the level of stimulus for the corner exit, which is contrary to the experiment with the center exit. The experimental results show that the FIS effect is not necessary a universal law for any discrete system. The observation could help the design of buildings by relocating their exits to the corner in rooms to avoid the formation of FIS effect.
We carried out time-resolved charge extraction (TRCE) study on the charge recombination dynamics of open-circuit dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) by examining the temporal evolution of electron density with varying the concentration of electrolyte component tert-butylpyridine (TBP).The charge recombination dynamics extracted from TRCE results exhibit distinctly different temporal behavior depending on the photovoltage or electron density. We proposed a theoretical model of electron density dependent charge recombination, which unifies the transport-and transfer-limited charge recombination mechanisms. This model, as rationalized by transient photovoltage (TPV) kinetics, can account well for the TRCE results. The relevance between electron transport and charge transfer in recombination process was unraveled, and the electron density dependent pathway of charge recombination was elucidated.
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