Eye Tracking in Educational Games Environment: Evaluating User Interface Design through Eye Tracking Patterns

Zain, Nurul Hidayah Mat; Razak, Fariza Hanis Abdul; Jaafar, Azizah; Zulkipli, Mohd Firdaus

doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25200-6_7

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…No participant fell into the group of non-gamer/ non-horror fan (n = 0). The target sample size was guided by prior research, with an aim of 6-12 participants per group, allowing for a total of 24-48 (Smith & Graham, 2006;Mat Zain et al, 2011). However, due to the exploratory nature of the study, the target sample was deemed tentative.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, research has inspired suggestions for the future, proclaiming that gaze behaviour can be beneficial in studying gamer's behaviour (Kepplinger et al, 2020) as well as designing educational games and interfaces (Mat Zain et al, 2011), and finally as an input device in games, allowing increased immersion (Smith & Graham, 2006;Antunes & Santana, 2018), such as in horror-games, utilising fear-revealing flickering eye movements (Jönsson, 2005). C While tentative theories can be formulated in relation to gaze behaviour in horror gamers, such as effectiveness of vision use or possible improvements in visual capabilities when immersed in shadowed environments, there is a shortfall of research in this area (to the best of the researcher's knowledge).…”

Section: Gaze Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Limit research has been undertaken investigating the link between video games and psychological factors regarding gaze behaviour, the focus of this study. Prior research has explored using eye-tracking to manipulate the gaming experience (Smith & Graham, 2006) and gaze behaviour while interacting with an educational game (Mat Zain et al, 2011), but to the best of the researcher's knowledge, there is a shortage of research focusing on gaze behaviour and horror video games. Consequently, this study will be exploratory in nature and will aim to investigate any discrepancies in gaze behaviour (percentage of fixations on visual horrorstimuli and fixation number) across the factors of horror interests and gaming habits.…”

Section: Aims Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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To See and Fear: A Pilot Study on Gaze Behaviour in Horror Gaming

Griffith

2024

Preprint

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Objective: Inspired by the growing popularity of the horror genre, its intense psychological resonance, frequent use of visual horror stimuli, and the dearth of research in the area, this pilot study aimed to explore differences in fixation percentage regarding horror stimuli and fixation number across individuals split between three groups (horror/ gamer; horror/ non-gamer; non-horror/ gamer). Method: 12 participants were recruited and asked a series of questions to determine group, followed by questions from the Fear Questionnaire. Succeeding this, they were equipped with Tobii Pro Eye-Tracking Glasses and allowed to begin a short video game demo, being Resident Evil 7 Teaser: Beginning Hour, chosen due to its firstperson perspective, lack of combat, and shadowed environments. Results: Independent T-Tests revealed no significant differences in fixation number or Fear Questionnaire scores, with one of two demo scenarios extracted for analysis showing significant differences across groups. Conclusion: It is possible that game design or resilience/ desensitisation can explain a lack of consistently significant results, as can a lack of sample power. The demo was deemed appropriate for the study design and the easily replicable procedure lends itself to suggestions for future studies to continue research in this area.

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Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Gaze Behaviourmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Aims Of the Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

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To See and Fear: A Pilot Study on Gaze Behaviour in Horror Gaming

Griffith

2024

Preprint

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“…This is particularly important for educational use and the resultant usability of software/hardware interfaces. In the study presented in (Mat Zain, Abdul Razak et al 2011) the user's eye is studied using a heat map and gaze plot to help better design an interface for educational games. The study is conducted using a Tobii T60 remote eye tracker and the ManGold software to analyse gaze behaviour during the user's interaction with an educational game.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low cost human-robot gaze estimation system

Ishac

Rozado

2014

Proceedings of the 26th Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference on Designing Futures: The Future of Design

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This work presents the development of a low cost Human-Robot gaze estimation system for the purpose of promoting joint Human-Robot workspaces in daily scenarios. We have developed this system using only monocular eye tracking and the 2D gaze point. Prior to this work there have been many efforts to bridge the gap between human and robots by developing robotic assistants capable of serving humans through command based interaction or manual input. Such systems lack freedom and require constant input whenever interaction is required. The system we have developed allows for both seated and free roaming interaction between a human and the robot. The end software allows the robot to track the gaze point of the human in real-time and fixate on the same point in space. Once the robot is stabilized on this gaze point it may perform a number of different tasks which may assist the human. We have constructed our own pair of gaze tracking glasses using only low cost components to demonstrate effective performance under budget costs. These glasses are coupled with a pan/tilt laser robot which tracks the gaze point of the human on the environment by projecting a red laser. We have designed 2 separate subsystems which track the pose o the user's head in real time and then combine to give an accurate estimate relative to the robot. As well as this we have developed a gaze tracking module which calibrates the gaze point of the human to a relative gaze window on the robot. Data from all 3 subsystems are then combined through a data fusion model and then sent to the robot to adjust its pan/tilt angles to focus on the same point in space as the human. These subsystems combine to provide an accuracy of 94% to the centre of a target object. The system was tested through a user study which involved 12 subjects undergoing 5 different testing scenarios.

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“…Despite the exponential growth of the esports industry and advertising-related revenues, most of the eye-tracking studies conducted in gaming contexts focused on game-based learning [ 33 , 34 ], game design [ 35 , 36 ], and the understanding of in-game engagement [ 37 ], leaving the mechanisms that play an important role in conveying the users’ attention toward IGAs essentially unexplored [ 30 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Esports and Visual Attention: Evaluating In-Game Advertising through Eye-Tracking during the Game Viewing Experience

et al. 2022

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In recent years, technological advances and the introduction of social streaming platforms (e.g., Twitch) have contributed to an increase in the popularity of esports, a highly profitable industry with millions of active users. In this context, there is little evidence, if any, on how users perceive in-game advertising (IGA) and other key elements of the game viewing experience (e.g., facecam and chat) in terms of visual attention. The present eye-tracking study aimed at investigating those aspects, and introducing an eye-tracking research protocol specifically designed to accurately measure the visual attention associated with key elements of the game viewing experience. Results showed that (1) the ads available in the game view (IGAs) are capable altogether to attract 3.49% of the users’ visual attention; (2) the chat section draws 10.68% of the users’ visual attention and more than the streamer’s face, known as a powerful attentional driver; (3) the animated ad format elicits higher visual attention (1.46%) than the static format (1.12%); and (4) in some circumstances, the visual attention elicited by the ads is higher in the “Goal” scenes (0.69%) in comparison to “No-Goal” scenes (0.51%). Relevant managerial implications and future directions for the esports industry are reported and discussed.

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Eye Tracking in Educational Games Environment: Evaluating User Interface Design through Eye Tracking Patterns

Cited by 24 publications

References 15 publications

To See and Fear: A Pilot Study on Gaze Behaviour in Horror Gaming

To See and Fear: A Pilot Study on Gaze Behaviour in Horror Gaming

Low cost human-robot gaze estimation system

Esports and Visual Attention: Evaluating In-Game Advertising through Eye-Tracking during the Game Viewing Experience

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