Extrusion and mechanical characterization of PVC‐leather fiber composites

Abstract

Every year great quantities of chrome tanned leather wastes produced by the footwear and clothing industries are buried or burned. These practices produce several contaminants that are released into the environment. An alternative to disposing of these wastes is to reuse them. In this work, a method to use these wastes as filler in a polymer matrix is proposed. Also, a technique for processing the composite obtained by continuous extrusion is demonstrated. To evaluate this technique, a series of PVC‐leather fiber composites were prepared and extruded through a flat die to produce sheets. The process produced a leather‐like sheet that could be used in several applications. The influence of the filler content on the processability and the final properties of the composite sheets were evaluated. The tests revealed that the sheets are flexible and exhibit sufficient water absorption to be suitable for several applications in the footwear and clothing industry. Finally, the tests show that this composite can be formulated and processed at high productivity levels and at a low cost.

Isolated left pulmonary artery: Interventional stenting of a persistent fifth aortic arch

“…Between 325 and 500°C, a pronounced mass loss occurred due to protein loss and calcination of the material. Similar behavior was previously observed in studies by Madera‐Santana [4]. When the weight loss stabilized at 500°C, the conditions were changed from an inert atmosphere of nitrogen to an oxidizing atmosphere of oxygen, and there was a rapid weight loss of about 20%, which was attributed to burning carbon ashes derived from previously degraded material.…”

“…1 demonstrates that the leather fibers studied herein contain an elevated amount of water because they show significant mass loss at temperatures around 100°C. The mass loss continued to occur between 100 and 150°C and was attributed to volatile components such as oils and low‐molecular‐weight greases present inthe leather fibers from the leather preparation process [4, 17, 25]. Between 325 and 500°C, a pronounced mass loss occurred due to protein loss and calcination of the material.…”

“…These natural fibers generally provide an improvement in the mechanical properties and thermal stabilities of the composites [1–3]. Among these natural fibers, leather residues are superior because collagen is the main component of the fibers [4]. The treatment of leather with products made of heavy metals such as chromium (chromium oxide) and other additives such as caustic soda, fatliquors, dyes, and other types of salts is still allowed inseveral countries.…”

“…Another alternative for leather residue is to incorporate the leather as filler in thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers using batch equipment such as Bambury internal mixers or continuous feed extruders [4, 5, 12–18]. The advantage of a continuous process such as extrusion is that the components can be shaped into a final product just off the extruder, making this process highly productive.…”

Tannery Solid Waste to Treat Toxic Liquid Wastes: A New Holistic Paradigm

“…find use in shoe industry (Madera-Santana et al, 1998;Madera-Santana and Moreno, 1999;Abanas et al, 2001). The kinetics of grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto leather was studied with different chemical initiation systems (Shaffei et al, 2008).…”