Extractions with superheated water

Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review

“…Non-conventional methods, which are more environmental friendly due to decreased use of synthetic and organic chemicals, reduced operational time, and better yield and quality of extract, have been developed during the last 50 years. To enhance overall yield and selectivity of bioactive components from plant materials, ultrasound (Vinatoru et al, 1997;Ghafoor et al, 2011), pulsed electric field (Toepfl et al, 2006), enzyme digestion (Gaur et al, 2007), extrusion (Lusas and Watkins, 1988), microwave heating (Kaufmann and Christen, 2002), ohmic heating (Lakkakula et al, 2004), supercritical fluids (Marr and Gamse, 2000;Lang and Wai, 2001;Meireles and Angela, 2003;Wang et al, 2008;Ghafoor et al, 2010Ghafoor et al, , 2012, and accelerated solvents (Kaufmann and Christen, 2002;Smith, 2002) have been studied as non-conventional methods. At the same time conventional extraction methods, such as Soxhlet is still considered as one of the reference method to compare success of newly developed methodology.…”

Solubility of Benzo[a]pyrene and Organic Matter of Soil in Subcritical Water

“…Common methodologies for PAH quantification in environmental samples include solvent extraction and analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection or by GC-MS. Solvent-based extraction methods of soil, sediments or sludge samples are generally carried out using Soxhlet apparatus, [9] ultrasonication, [15] microwave-assisted extraction, pressurized liquid extraction or accelerated solvent extraction. [6] Solvents include n-hexane, acetone, dichloromethane, toluene and others. The extract volume is reduced under nitrogen or by rotary evaporation to a final volume less than 1 ml.…”

EFFECTS OF STEEPING CONDITIONS (TEMPERATURE, PARTICLE SIZE AND DURATION) USING WATER ON STEVIOL GLYCOSIDES CONTENT FROM Stevia rebaudiana AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF OPTIMISED SAMPLE.

“…Temperature is the main factor which could affect the extraction efficiency. It could influence the physicochemical properties of water and also subject thermally labile analytes to their decomposition or hydrolytic attack (Smith, 2002). Besides, the high temperatures have also changed the properties of water and thus making the polarity of water closer to those of non-polar compounds.…”