Extensively and multi drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii recovered from technosol at a dump site in Croatia

Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Recovered from Swine Manure

“…The observation is consistent with the report where A. baumannii was recovered from soil containing even 2,719 mg Zn/kg. 32 Moreover, the two A. baumannii isolates survived competition with other bacteria present in the manure, such as intestinal enterococci, whose counts were comparable to those reported in fresh manure in France. 11 This confirms that intestinal enterococci are reliable indicators of pig fecal pollution that could persist in the manure for at least 2 months.…”

“…30 In fact, they were recently found in hospitalized patients, untreated hospital wastewater, urban sewage, and river water in Zagreb, 31 as well as in the soil at an illegal dump site near Rijeka in Croatia. 32 This stresses the clinical importance of A. baumannii recovered from the swine manure.…”

Presence of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in soils affected by illegal waste dumps

“…Even though we did not determine carbapenemase genes in our current study, in our earlier study (Hrenovic et al , 2017b, the A. baumannii isolates (from the same soil samples Nos. 8 and 12 in this study) carried acquired class D oxacilinase genes, which were not detected in the studies by Alkhaleefah (2015) and Gudeta et al (2016).…”

“…Thanks to our method for distinguishing intrinsically resistant CRB37 and presumably anthropogenic originated CRB42, we have gained a better insight into the distribution of clinically relevant CRB in soil; none were found in the uncontaminated pasture and grassland soil (samples 1 and 22) and soils with poor growth conditions (samples 5 and 10). The remaining illegal dump sites confirm that they are the most probable source of clinically relevant CRB in soil, which were probably leached from the waste by storm water and infiltrated the soil, where they can survive for long (Hrenovic et al 2017b). These findings recognise illegal dump sites as potential sites of dissemination of ARB.…”

“…The fact that both ARB and antibiotic-resistance genes are readily disseminated to the environment through wastewaters and wastewater treatment plants is sufficiently described (Bengtsson-Palme et al 2016;Yang et al 2016;Hrenovic et al 2017a;Dal 2018). In contrast, the data about CRB in soils are still scarce, and to the best of our knowledge, carbapenemase genes and CRB were reported in soil by Gudeta et al (2016), Alkhaleefah (2015), and Hrenovic et al (2014Hrenovic et al ( , 2017b. The last two found CRB in soils influenced by illegally disposed solid waste of external origin, including hospital waste, which raised concern about an association between Gram-negative CRB in soils and illegal waste dumping in Croatia, especially in view that the central Balkans (including Croatia) is considered one of the world's epicentres of CRB global spread (Meletis 2016).…”