Extending Network Lifetime Using an Automatically Tuned Energy-Aware MAC Protocol

I²C: A holistic approach to prolong the sensor network lifetime

“…Different from energy-aware routing, the intra-route coordination schemes [6]- [8] attempt to balance the nodal lifetime of nodes along the same routing path such that the communication workload at the bottleneck nodes can be shifted to other nodes on the same route but with a higher nodal lifetime. Though intra-route coordination can overcome the bottleneck effects efficiently, it may not fully utilize the network energy resources, as it only attempts to balance nodal lifetime within a route but cannot balance the nodal lifetime of nodes belonging to different routes.…”

LB-MAC: A Lifetime-Balanced MAC Protocol for Sensor Networks

“…Different from [3,4,6,9], where the MAC parameters are predetermined before deployment and usually the same on all nodes in the network, MAC parameter tuning in duty cycle sensor networks has been studied in [5,[10][11][12]. In [11], a controller is implemented on individual sensor nodes to dynamically adjust the radio duty cycle based on network traffic condition where no collaboration exits between neighboring nodes.…”

“…Additional, ZeroCal does not consider the adaptation of other MAC parameters such as channel checking interval and data retry interval, which can further prolong the network lifetime with proper tuning. SEESAW [5] was proposed to balance the energy consumption between sender and receiver through adapting the data retry interval at the sender side and the channel checking period at the receiver side. Though SEESAW yields longer network lifetime than B-MAC and S-MAC, the effectiveness of SEESAW is limited by several factors.…”

“…In the experiments, the CTP [22] protocol is used to form and adjust the paths for data packet forwarding, and the recorded longest hop count in the network is 8. Parameter T r is fixed at 1 second for all protocols, and parameters φ, ρ and T s for X-MAC, RI-MAC, and SEESAW are set as in Table 2 which adopt the default settings in [3], [4] and [5].…”

“…Experimental results show that, comparing with state-of-the-art MAC protocols such as X-MAC [3], RI-MAC [4] and SEESAW [5], LB-MAC achieves the design goal of significantly prolonging the sensor network lifetime through balancing nodal lifetime. Figure 1 shows the sample results with a simple tree topology; nodes 5,6,7,8 are source nodes and the data rate is two packets per second. As shown in Figure 1(b), after 1.4 hours of network operation, sensor nodes running X-MAC or RI-MAC all experience severe imbalance in their nodal residual energy.…”