Extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing multidrug resistance Escherichia coli, Salmonella and Klebsiella pneumoniae in pig population of Assam and Meghalaya, India

Abstract

Aim:The present study was conducted to record the prevalence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella pneumoniae from pig population of Assam and Meghalaya and to record the ability of the resistant bacteria to transfer the resistance genes horizontally.Materials and Methods:Fecal samples (n=228), collected from pigs of Assam (n=99) and Meghalaya (n=129), were processed for isolation and identification of E. coli and Salmonella spp. All the isolates were tested for ESBLs production by double disc synergy test (DDST) followed by screening for ESBLs producing genes (blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaCMY) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Possible transfer of resistance encoding genes between enteric bacterial species was carried out by in vitro and in vivo horizontal gene transfer (HGT) method.Results:A total of 897 enteric bacteria (867 E. coli and 30 Salmonella) were isolated and identified. Altogether 25.41% isolates were confirmed as ESBL producers by DDST method. Majority of the isolates were E. coli followed by Salmonella. By PCR, 9.03% isolates were found positive for at least one of the target resistance genes. blaSHV was absent in all the isolates. blaCMY was the most prevalent gene. All the E. coli isolates from Assam were negative for blaTEM. A total of 2.76% isolates were positive for blaTEM + blaCMY. On the other hand, 0.67% isolates were positive for blaCTX-M + blaCMY genes. Only 0.33% isolates carried all the three genes. Altogether, 4.68% bacteria carried the resistance encoding genes in their plasmids. blaTEM gene could be successfully transferred from Salmonella (donor) to E. coli (recipient) by in vitro (5.5-5.7×10−5) and in vivo (6.5×10−5 to 8.8×10−4) methods. In vivo method was more effective than in vitro in the transfer of resistance genes.Conclusion:The pig population of Assam and Meghalaya are carrying multidrug resistance and ESBLs producing E. coli and Salmonella. The isolates are also capable to transfer their resistance trait to other bacterial species by HGT. The present finding could be considered as a serious public health concern as similar trait can also be transmitted to the human commensal bacteria as well as pathogens.

Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Prevalence of bla and qnr Genes in Salmonella Enterica Isolated from Slaughtered Pork

“…In India, Lalruatdiki et al [14] observed that 30% of Salmonella isolated from a pig population were carrying bla TEM , and 10% were carrying bla CTX−M . Co-carriage of bla CTX−M and bla TEM has also been observed in extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Salmonella from pigs [14,29]. In the present study, co-carriage of bla TEM and bla CTX−M was found in seven (3.9%) isolates.…”

“…These genes are broadly distributed worldwide and are commonly found in association with genes encoding for ß-lactamases [8][9][10][11]. Consequently, bla and qnr genes have been increasingly found in bacteria isolated from livestock animals [8,9,[12][13][14][15][16][17]. If motile, resistance determinants may accelerate the spread of AMR when these are taken up by non-pathogenic or pathogenic bacteria alike.…”

Higher prevalence of multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamases producing Escherichia coli in unorganized pig farms compared to organized pig farms in Mizoram, India

“…On the other hand, Lalruatdiki et al . [ 15 ] could recover 867 E. coli from 228 fecal samples from pigs of Meghalaya and Assam. On the other hand, Samanta et al .…”

“…Earlier, from the same laboratory, Lalzampuia et al [11] isolated 102 E. coli from 53 fecal samples from pigs in Mizoram. On the other hand, Lalruatdiki et al [15] could recover 867 E. coli from 228 fecal samples from pigs of Meghalaya and Assam. On the other hand, Samanta et al [16] reported only 76 E. coli from 200 fecal samples in West Bengal, India.…”

Occurrence and genetic diversity of ESBL producing Klebsiella species isolated from livestock and livestock products

“…The use of critically important human antibiotics in farm animals is leading the emergence of new Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) bacteria (Lalruatdiki, Dutta, Roychoudhury, & Subudhi, ). MDR K. pneumoniae strains have been isolated from fresh raw seafood, fresh raw chicken, frozen raw food, and cooked food samples like meat, vegetables, rice products (Guo et al, ), marketed fresh vegetables (Falomir, Rico, & Gozalbo, ), shrimp in international trade (Nawaz et al, ), and farm‐raised chicken (Wu et al, ).…”